2) The Nominative with the Infinitive (Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction)

This complex consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and one of the six forms of the Infinitive. The complex is considered to be subject of the sentence.

E.g. This girl is known to be a good student. The writer is said to have written a new interesting book.

А.

smb

is was will be

seen heard expected told ordered asked allowed

to do smth to be done

E.g. She was told to wait. She was expected to be back soon.

B.

smb

is was will be

known supposed believed considered

to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth

E.g. She is supposed to have been taken to hospital. These phenomena are believed to be interdependent.

C.

smb

is was will be

sure certain bound (not) likely

to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth

E.g. The students are sure to take part in the conference.

D.

smb

seems, seemed, will seem appears, appeared, will appear happens, happened, will happen proved, will prove turned out, will turn out

to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth

The Ukrainian equivalents are:

seem, appear — здаватися;

happen — траплятися, робити щось випадково;

prove, turn out — виявитися.

E.g. 1. He seems / appears to know a lot of things. He can answer any question. 2. He proved / turned out to be a good friend.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. The President is believed to be in London now. 2. She is supposed to be an experienced secretary. 3. The computer is expected to save the scientists a lot of time. 4. The material loss was estimated to be more than 1 million dollars. 5. This discovery is considered to be the result of a long and thorough investigation. 6. These phenomena are believed to be interdependent. 7. The expedition is reported to be moving north. 8. This man is said to be a good psychologist.

Exercise 20. Transform the following sentences, using the Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. Use the verbs given in brackets.

Model: History repeats itself. — History is known to repeat itself.

1. Leonardo da Vinci discovered and laid down immortal principles in the theory of art (to know). 2. Leonardo da Vinci designed the first parachute (to suppose). 3. Rapid expansion of industrialization leads to an exhaustion of natural resources (to believe). 4. Close cooperation between scientists and scientific institutions all over the world is one of the most striking characteristics of modern science (to consider). 5. Charles Spencer Chaplin made more people laugh than any other human being in the history of the world (to know).

Exercise 21. Translate the following sentences:

1. He is sure to win the competition. 2. They are sure (certain) to inform us about their plans. 3. No need to hurry. She is sure to be late. 4. These students don’t work hard. Therefore they are not likely to succeed. 5. In the developed countries the automatization of industry is likely to have far-reaching social effects. 6. However, the mental capacity of computers is unlikely to reach human level in the nearest future. 7. Science is certain to influence the solution of the most important political problems.

Exercise 22. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Бачили, що вона писала вірш. 2. Її попросили написати вірш. 3. Думали, що вона пише вірші. 4. Розраховували, що вона напише вірш на цю тему. 5. Думали, що вона написала цей вірш. 6. Звичайно ж, вона пише вірш зараз. 7. Звичайно ж, вона написала вірш. 8. Навряд чи, вона пише вірш. 9. Навряд чи, вона написала вірш. 10. Звичайно ж, вірш уже написано. 11. Звичайно ж, вона його вже написала. 12. Здається вона пише вірші. 13. здавалося, що вона пише вірш. 14. Виявилося, що вона написала вірш. 15. Випадково вона написала хороший вірш.

3) The For-Phrase (“The For … to” + Infinitive Construction)

The for-phrase consists of three elements: the preposition for, a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the Infinitive.

E.g. 1. It is desirable for you to know it. 2. He waited for papers to be published. 3. There is only one thing for you to do. 4. For the experiment to be successful he had to do much work.

Exercise 24. Translate the following sentences:

1. Have you got anything for me to read? 2. For the meeting to be success much preliminary work must be done. 3. No efforts are large enough for the research to be completed. 4. We are waiting for the jury to announce their verdict. 5. It will take a number of years for the two sides to come to an agreement. 6. They made it easy for the members of the association and other guests to attend the congress. 7. It will be convenient for all of us to have the examination on Tuesday.

Exercise 24. Complete the following sentences:

1. It is necessary for her … 2.It is advisable for them … 3. They waited for us … 4. It was important for them … 5. There was no reason for him …

Exercise 25. Make sentences using the For-Phrase:

It is necessary It is important It is essential It is impossible

journalists economists politicians philosophers

take different views take some interesting politics confront reality / face facts to deny the progress of science

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