- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Omitted “to”
We can join ideas with and, except, but and or. The particle “to” is usually dropped before the second infinitive. She wanted to go and see the film. He wanted to do everything except study. Note: When two infinitives are joined by and, the second is almost always a bare infinitive. When they are joined by but or or, a to-infinitive is possible, but a bare infinitive is more common. |
Reduced Infinitive
Sometimes the whole infinitive needs not to be repeated if it is understood from the context: A: Can you and Mary come to lunch next Sunday? B: I’d love to.
A: Can I smoke in here? B: No, you aren’t allowed to.
A: Why aren’t you coming to the film? B: I don’t want to. |
Complexes with the Infinitive
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
This construction consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the infinitive (mostly Indefinite or Passive). It is always an object in the sentence.
To see to hear to feel to watch (or any lexical equivalent of the verb of sense perception) |
smb. do smth. |
to let to make to have to get |
smb. do smth. |
to order to allow to forbid |
smb. to do smth. smth. to be done |
to like to prefer to want to know to like to expect (or any lexical equivalent of the verb of mental activity, wish or intention) |
smb. to do smth |
E.g. I believe it to have been a mistake.
They reported the enemy to be ten miles away.
I want you to come along with us.
I hate you to be troubled.
I saw him get on the bus this morning.
What makes you think it was me?
Let him sit here if he wants.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction
The construction consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and any of the six forms of the infinitive. The construction is considered to be the subject of the sentence.
smb |
is was will be |
seen heard expected told ordered asked allowed |
to do smth to be done |
||
smb |
is was will be |
known supposed believed considered |
to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth |
||
smb |
is was will be |
sure certain bound (not) likely |
to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth |
||
smb |
seems, seemed, will seem appears, appeared, will appear happens, happened, will happen proved, will prove turned out, will turn out |
to do smth to be done to be doing smth to have done smth to have been done to have been doing smth |
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E.g. She was heard to laugh heartily.
He is supposed to have left.
He is said to be a good doctor.
He seems to notice nothing unusual.
The girl appeared to be everybody’s attention.
He is sure to come.
He was not likely to have made a mistake.
The for-to-Infinitive Construction
This construction consists of three elements: the preposition for, a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive, mostly in its Indefinite, Passive or Continuous form. The construction has different syntactical functions in the sentence.