1) Изученного лексического и грамматического материала;

2) Навыков чтения текстов со словарем;

3) Навыков устного высказывания на основе текста.

Занятие 17

Вариант 1.* Переведите текст с помощью словаря. Составьте свой словарик к тексту, выписав незнакомые слова. Составьте краткое сообщение об особенностях медицинского образования в Великобритании, в частности, на медицинском факультете манчестерского университета.

Medical Education in Great Britain

In Great Britain physicians are trained in either medical schools or faculties of Universities. We have medical schools in the Universities of London, Oxford, Birmingham, Bristol and Edinburgh. There are faculties of medicine in the Universities of Liverpool, Manch­ester, Glasgow and Aberdeen. And there is the School of Clinical Medicine in the University of Cambridge. Entry to a medical school is highly competitive and usually the number of candidates is much higher than the number of places.

To enter a medical school in Great Britain candidates must pass entrance examinations. Entrance examinations are both oral and written. Students take these examinations at the end of their 6-year secondary-school course, generally at the age of 18-19 years. For entrance to a faculty of medicine or a medical school, it is required that the subjects of chemistry, physics and biology or mathematics should be taken at advanced level.

Tuition fees are charged. Most students receive financial assistance in the form of grants, which cover their expenses wholly or in part.

Now about the academic year. It is divided into 3 terms, each of 10-11 weeks' duration. The terms run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Clinical students, however, attend for 48 weeks of the year. Undergraduate education occupies five years, consisting essentially of two years of ba­sic sciences and three years of clinical work. Two pre-clinical years are occupied by human anatomy and biology, physiology and biochemistry. They also study physiology, statistics and genetics. Students attend lec­tures; do dissections and practical work in labs. Unlike your country Latin is not taught in all medical schools. English and Latin spellings are similar and it is possible to write out prescriptions in English too.

Beginning with the third year the students study the methods of clinical examinations and history taking, general pathology, microbiology, pharmacology and community medicine. Medical students have practical training in teaching hospitals. These hospitals consist of in-patient and out-patient departments. Sometimes these departments are called units. Senior students and especially undergraduates spend most of the time in teaching hospitals. Daily bedside instruction in hospital wards and out-patient departments is given by teachers and doctors. Students follow up their patients and attend ward rounds. Besides the work in the wards the students attend lectures and demonstrations in clinical pharmacology, pathology and microbiology as well as in clinical subjects which are being studied. So three years are spent in clinical studies to obtain degrees of Bachelor of Medicine (B.M.) and Bachelor of Surgery (B.S.).

And now about the examinations. Examinations in our medical schools are held at the end of each term. In our case it is three times a year. At the end of each term and after each spe­cial course students take final exams. Most of the exams arc written. They include academic and practical prob­lems. The final examinations or finals are in Medicine, Surgery, Obstet­rics and Gynecology and Pathology. Finals also include history taking and diagnosing. Before finals in Surgery students assist in operations. Before finals in Obstetrics and Gynecology they must assist during the delivery of at least 20 babies. These examinations are both written and oral. Written test includes short and long questions and questions of multiple choices. Oral tests include diagnosing a case.

After the finals graduates work in hospitals for a year. This period is called internship. The newly qualified doctor must serve for six months as a house physician and six months as a house surgeon under the supervision of his medical school. House physicians and surgeons are on call every second or third night. The work of interns is very difficult but their salary is very small. Interns work al least 8 hours a week. After internship a young doctor obtains a "Certificate of Experience" from the medical schools and he or she may work as medical practitioner.

Further specialization requires training in residency. It takes 1 or 2 years of work in a hospital in some field. Residency trains highly qual­ified specialists in a definite field: gynecologists, urologists, neurologists and others. The salary of residents is higher than the salary of interns. After residency a specialist gets rather a high salary.

As I have told after passing the finals the students are given the B.M. and B.S. degrees. Besides these degrees we have the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). This degree is a postgraduate qualification obtained by writing a thesis based on original work. It is not required for practice. Such degree in surgery is termed a mastership (M.S.). The degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery give the right to registration as a medical practitioner (4100)

What a Degree Costs

Mr. Thompson: I 've heard university studies are rather expensive in Britain.

Mr. Adams: Yes. My elder brother's eldest son is at the University of Manchester where he is studying medicine. And every now and then our family has to make a kind of collection to support that promising representative of the younger generation.

Mr. Thompson: What is the Manchester fee?

Mr. Adams: As far as I know, tuition for the undergraduate...

Mr. Thompson: I beg your pardon, for whom?

Mr. Adams: For the undergraduate or the student who hasn't yet taken a University degree.

Mr. Thompson: Did you say "degree"?

Mr. Adams: Yes. A University degree is a title given to a student who has finished a course of studies and passed his final examinations. By the way, a person who has taken a Degree of Bachelor, that is the lowest degree, is called a graduate, while any graduate who continues his studies or research to receive a Degree of Master or Doctor is called a post-graduate.

Mr. Thompson: But let's come back to that cost aspect.

Mr. Adams: Well, tuition for the undergraduate is about sixty pounds a year. A room in a house and the meals at the lodging-house (пансионат) cost about one hundred and sixty pounds a year. Then two hundred and twenty pounds must be added as the fee for the University sport club. As my nephew is a good student, he has been granted a scholarship of one hundred pounds a year. So, you see, the situation is not too bad.

Mr Thompson: You're lucky your nephew is at Manchester as Oxford charges are much higher. It seems to me that the majority of parents can't pay for their children's education, especially if the family is a large one.

Mr. Adams: Oh, a degree costs a lot today (1400)

Вариант 2. Переведите текст с помощью словаря. Составьте свой словарик к тексту, выписав незнакомые слова. Составьте краткое сообщение об особенностях медицинского образования в США.

Medical Education in the USA

Dr. Frank Nelson and his colleagues from Johns Hopkins Univer­sity, school of medicine, had been for some time guests of the Moscow Sechenov Medical Academy. They had a meeting with the teachers and students.This is what Dr. Nelson told them.

To begin with, primary school education generally takes the pupil from the age of 6 to the age of 14 years, and secondary school – to the age of 18. After finishing his secondary studies the candidate for medical school must complete at least three years of higher education in a college or university.

This period of college or university studies is called "the premedical phase".

The students who are taking this course of studies preparing them for a medical school are called "premeds". A student applies for admission to a medical school when he has completed premedical studies. The application costs approximately $ 50.

Academic achievement is the most important factor in the selection of students. In most medical schools candidates’ arc required to take admission test. This is a national multiple choice test. The test lasts about eight hours over a one day period and includes questions in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and English. Then, special admission committees have personal interviews with the candidate in order to assess the candidate's general qualities, his character and his ability to study medicine.

I must tell you that the competition is very difficult and only about half of the students who apply to a medical school are accepted and begin their medical education which is, like the practice of medicine, both an art and a science. By the way, what we call "medical school" is "medical institute" in your country.

The curricu­lum of medical schools in the USA does not greatly differ from the curriculum in Russia.

The basic medical sciences are presented largely during the first two years of medical studies. For instance, in the first year at Johns Hopkins students study anatomy, biophysics, bio­chemistry, physiology, bacteriology, histology and other subjects. In the second year they study microbiology, pathology, physical diagno­sis, pharmacology and laboratory diagnosis.

During the final two years the curriculum consists of clinical subjects. Medical students have practical work at teaching hospitals affiliated to the medical school. Students in small groups meet their teachers in the wards and in the out-patient departments where they participate in the treatment of patients.

At the end of four years all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine that is M.D. Then they must work for one year as interns. This course of work at the hospital or clinic is called internship. After the internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic. The period of residency is obligatory for all medical graduates. This period varies, depending on the specialty of the doctor. Generally, the period of residency is three or four years. For instance, residency in surgery and neurosurgery in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine lasts for four years. Residency in in­ternal medicine, preventive medicine and radiology lasts for three years. After the residency the graduate is granted a license to prac­tice and he may work either in government service or private prac­tice. As for the cost of medical education in America, well, medical schools are gradually increasing tuition fee in all the universities of the USA. Only a small part of students receive scholarships. The majority of the students have to work to pay for their studies. The government-financed universities charge less while the tuition of the private colleges and universities is extremely high. For instance, tuition for the full course in medicine for one academic year at the Cornell University Medical College New York, which is privately endowed, is:

Tuition – 9.100 dollars; books, instruments, etc. – 60 dollars; food – 1.800 dollars; lodging and utilities – 1.400 dollars; health ser­vice fee – 200 dollars; hospital insurance – 143 dollars; personal – 1.200. All in all it amounts to 14.443 dollars. By the way the admission fee is 50 dollars. These figures represent а typical budget for an academic year (3540).