Текст 4

History of New York City

New York is arguably the businesses, entertainment, and publishing, capital of the world. It is always busy and bustling (шумный, суетливый). It’s the city that most people think about when they think of the United States.

Much of New York City is devoted to parks, museums, art galleries, playgrounds and theaters, which entertain its visitors and residents 365 days a year. There are 23 million people per square mile.

In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up what we now know as the Hudson River. He went as far as Albany. In 1613, Adrian Block erected four trading houses, prompting permanent settlement. Governor Peter Minuit is said to have bought Manhattan Island in 1626 from indigenous – people for $ 24 worth of beads and trinkets (бисерины и безделушки). In 1633, the first church was built, and was soon followed by Fort Amsterdam. By 1653, the population of “New Amsterdam” was 800. Great Britain had previously claimed the Hudson River country and in 1664, the Duke of Yourk sent a fleet to seize it from the Dutch. The colony became an English possession without bloodshed and was renamed “New York”. In 1783 the city was under English control. Congress met in 1785-90 and it was in New York that Washington was inaugurated as President. New York City is composed of five boroughs – the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Aweens and Richmond. Manhattan is the oldest and the smallest of the five boroughs.

“The Big Apple’ reference to New City was first used in 1909 by Martin Wayfarer. He explained the metaphor as follows: “New York was merely one of the fruits of that great tree whose roots go down in the Mississippi Valley, and whose branches spread from one ocean to the other … (but) the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap”.

Текст 5

History of Novosibirsk

The city of Novosibirsk appeared in 1893 in the place of the three settlements – the Krivoshchekovo settlement, the Novaya village and the settlement of Alexandrovsky. Since 1893 it is called Novo - Nikolaevsk and since 12 February 1926 it was renamed into Novosibirsk. Since 1930 it was the “capital” of the West Siberia territory. On September 28, 1937 with the establishment of the Novosibirsk region the city became its administrative center.

An advantageous location on the crossroad of the major transport routes promoted a rapid growth of the city population and in the early 60-ties it achieved the level of a million. The Russians make around 93% of the city population, the rest are represented mostly by the Ukrainias, the Germans and the Tartars. The city is divided into 10 administrative districts (name them).

Novosibirsk is one of the largest industrial centers of Russia. The unique industrial enterprises like the Chkalov aircraft enterprise, the tin factory, the Sibselmash farm machinery plant, the plant of chemical concentrates, the metallurgical plant, the plant of low-voltage equipment, the steel structures plant, the radio details plant, the railway point plant, the electric locomotive repair plant and many others.

Novosibirsk is also one of the largest transport centers. The Trans –Siberia railway and the railroads to Altai, Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and the Middle Asia, the federal highway Baikal and Novosibirsk –Tashanta also pass through Novosibirsk. Tolmachevo airport serves the international and internal air routes.

Novosibirsk is a unique educational center. In the city there are over 240 schools, 6 lycees, 35 technical schools, 40 technical colleges and 18 higher educational establishments. The Novosibirsk Research center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the branches of the Academy of Agriculture, the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Academy of Architecture, the Center of Biotechnological Research.

There is an excellent culture infrastructure for the Novosibirsk guests and dwellers – 8 professional theatres, a circus, 67 clubs, 109 libraries, the museum of regional studies and the picture gallery. As much as 39 historical memorials, 10 archaeological and 170 architectural monuments.

Wonders of the World

Задание 4. Прочитайте тексты и найдите для каждого текста в списке 1 отсутствующие названия. Расскажите об этих чудесах, включая два упомянутых, но не представленных в тексте.

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus	The Colossus of Phodes
The Parthenon	The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
The Pyramids	The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon	The Pharos of Alexandria

1. The ________ crumbled into the sea about 600 years ago but before that it was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is not known who built the Pharos (маяк) but we do know that it was the last Wonder to be built, in 280BC. In ancient times it was a great help ships trying to get through the rocky harbour entrance. Yet it was not a lighthouse in the modern sense, but rather a giant advertisement for Alexandria. The remains of the Pharos were found quite recently. The word pharos is still used in some modern languages to mean “lamp” or “lighthouse”.

2. An early historian described the __________ at Ephesus as the greatest of the Seven Wonders. The remains of the building – few stones near modern Efes – suggest that the writer was exaggerating. The temple was large, rich, and beautifully decorated, but there were many temples in the ancient world which were much more beautiful. Its power was due to the fact that Artemis was a goddess worshipped all over Asia. In Rome she was called Diana. The first temples on that site go back to the eighth century BC and many visitors to the temple were important for trade.

3. According to tradition, the___________ stood – legs apart – over the harbour at Rhodes and the ships passed in and out between its legs. The Colossus attracted ships to Rhodes because, like the Pharos at Alexandria, it was a giant advertisement for the city. It could be seen from miles away. The Statue was build between 294 and 282 BC, to celebrate the defeat of the Macedonians, who had failed to conquer the city. When the statue was pulled down in 654 AD, 900 camels were used to take away the pieces.

4. The__________ has left no remains. We know what it looked like because it was shown on coins and travelers said it was made of gold and ivory. It was build to celebrate the Olympic Games, and stood for 1000 years before it was destroyed in a fire in the fifth century AD. The Sculptor was the famous Phidias who made some of the finest statues on the Parthenon.

5. The_________ was named after the man it was built for: Mausolus, the ruler of Caria. Ancient writers say that Mausolus's wife had a tomb built after his death in 353BC. During his lifetime, mausolus filled his capital city, Hali, with impressive buildings. His Tomb made impression on anyone who saw it. By Roman time, 400 years later, the word mausoleum was used to describe any large tomb. Today only a few fragments of the Mausoleum remain.

Задание 5. Используйте информацию текстов А – Е. Некоторые тексты можно использовать более двух раз.

In which of the texts does it say the monument:

1. was built by a well-known artist?

2. was not built for a god or goddess?

3. was built after all the others?

4. was built to make money for the city?

5. was connected with sports?

6. has remains which can still be seen today?

7. was the idea of a woman?

8. attracted people for religious purposes?

9. could be seen from away?