Lecture 2
1. Factors of an environment.
2. Self-clearing properties of an environment.
3. Carry of substances to hydrosphere.
4. Moving of substance in ecological systems on food circuits.
5. Environmental contamination by waste of industrial production.
6. Concept of a resource cycle.
1. Factors of an environment.
Any element of the environment, capable to render direct influence on alive organisms, even during one of stages of development refers to as factors of an environment.
Distinguish biotichecal, abiotichecal and anthropogenous factors.
Anthropogenous factors are caused by influence of the person on inhabitancy.
Biotichecals factors are caused by influence of alive organisms against each other.
Abiotichecals factors - physical and chemical factors of environment: temperature, pressure, radiation, light.
For ecology characteristics are important:
- Length of a wave, intensity and duration;
- Water. The basic characteristics: quantity of deposits, the humidity, drying up properties of air and the accessible area of a water stock (a surface of a reservoir);
- A climate - joint activity of temperature and humidity;
- Atmospheric gases (oxygen, carbonic gas CO2);
- Biogenic salts are the dissolved salts, vital to organisms. Distinguish microcells (Fe, Cu, Zn, B, I) and macrocells (Na, Ca, K, S, Cl);
- Pressure;
- The ground, consists of the soil horizons making a soil cover:
A
- gumus; B - mineral ground. C - constant soil breed.
2. Self-clearing properties of an environment.
1) Dynamic carry (hidro and geophysical)
2) Biochemical oxidation
3) Chemical and physical transformations
4) Sedimentation абиогенных particles
5) Biosedimentation.
At definition of self-clearing opportunities of environment it is necessary to consider all the above-named processes. The preference is given biological processes.
Ecological normalization - the system of attitudes revealing maximum permissible factor (maximum concentration limit) of harmful substances.
For an estimation of factors and effects of influence on inhabitancy it is necessary to use the established criteria: values maximum permissible factor, levels of ecological loads, emissions and dumps. At definition of these criteria geophysical and economic opportunities on restriction of emissions are considered. High quality of environment is kept, if changes of its condition occur within the limits of the borders named admissible, and little changes of quality of environment do not influence its normal functioning. For initial the background condition of environment is accepted at absence of revolting influence under average meteorological conditions. Distinction between a maximum permissible and actual condition of environment makes an ecological reserve of an environment. It characterizes its ability to restoration, reproduction and is a basis for calculation of the safe loads.
Distinguish two approaches of definition of the safe loads: sanitary-and-hygienic and ecological approaches. They differ with a level the requirement.
System of the parameters describing border maximum permissible:
1) Specifications of maximum permissible levels of change of environment:
- Maximum permissible factor;
- Maximum permissible levels.
2) Specifications maximum permissible influences. Maximum permissible emissions in reservoirs, an atmosphere, ground.
3) Specifications of maximum permissible ecological loads.
4) Specifications of extraction of useful components from properties of the nature: minerals, complex use of waste, productivity of agricultural crops.
5) Specifications of reliability of converting actions (engineering constructions) from the point of view of their influence on an environment.
6) Parameters of an admissibility natural transformation the enterprises (drainage, building).
7) the Parameter of stability of natural complexes and their components.
8) Distribution of substance to an environment.
Distribution of pollution is caused by natural processes and depends on physical and chemical properties of substances; from the physical processes connected with their carry, the biological processes which are taking part global processes of circulation of substances. Cyclic processes in separate natural systems.