Учебник по TCPIP

BiLIM Systems Ltd

- , . , 80, [phone], [phone], E-mail: [e-mail]

Network Working Group		T. Socolofsky
Request for Comments:	1180	C. Kale
		Spider Systems Limited
		January 1991

TCP/IP

TCP/IP,

IP . Internet.

.

TCP/IP		1
		1
1.		2
2. TCP/IP		2
2.1		2
2.2		2
2.3		2
2.4		3
2.5	IP !	4
2.6	" !	4
2.7	# ! !	4
2.8	$ !%?	4
3. Ethernet		4
3.1	&	5
4. ARP		5
4.1	' ARP	5
4.2		5
4.3	ARP Request/Response ( - )	5
4.4	( '	6
5. IP		6
5.1	% '	6
5.2	" % '	7
5.3	% ' IP	8
5.4	IP-	8
5.5	#	8
5.6	' IP-% '	9
5.7	% '	9
5.8	' % '	9
5.9	% '	9
5.10 ' % '		10
5.11 ) % ' !%		10
5.12 %		10
6. UDP		11
6.1		11
6.2	* !	11
7. TCP		11
8. (		12
	+ ( TCP UDP?	12
	* ( ?	12
8.1	TELNET	12
8.2	FTP	12
8.3	rsh	12
8.4	NFS	12
8.5	SNMP	12
8.6	X-Window	13
9. ! '		13
10. ,		13
11. RFC		13
12.		13
13. &		13

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BiLiM Systems Ltd.

RFC 1180

1.

TCP/IP.

, ISO/OSI.

, . , ,

, ! , ! TCP/IP. "

, .

! UNIX TCP/IP, ,

TCP/IP.

# , . $

, ! RFC.

! TCP/IP, .

2. TCP/IP

TCP/IP ! ! , TCP IP - ,

. $ UDP, ARP ICMP; - TELNET, FTP rcp. %

“ internet”. &, ! ! internet

internet.

2.1

' .

----------------------------

|	network applications |
|				|
|	... \ | /	..	\ | /	...|
|	-----		-----	|
|	|TCP|		|UDP|	|
|	-----		-----	|
|	\		/	|
|	--------			|
|	|	IP	|	|
|	----- -*------			|
|	|ARP|	|		|
|	-----	|		|
|	\	|		|
|	------			|
|	|ENET|			|
|	---@	--		|
----------	|	-----------------
	|
----------------------	o	---------

" Ethernet

1. TCP/IP

$ ! !, ! .

!, ! ! , , . $ ! . "

!, ! . (

Ethernet; "o" ( , ). & "*" IP-

!, "@" - Ethernet (MAC- ). # , )

! .

2.2

* ) , , :

Ethernet ! (Ethernet frame)

Ethernet IP ! (IP packet);

IP UDP ! ! (UDP datagram);

, IP TCP, ! (TCP segment)

! ! .

# !

. RFC 1122 ( 1.3.3).

' , ! ! . +

, ! ! , .

, , Ethernet, IP, UDP, TCP,

.

2.3

, , . 1. ' , ! TCP (Transmission Control Protocol - ), ! TCP. '

, ! UDP (User Datagram Protocol - ),

UDP. FTP (File Transfer Protocol - )

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RFC 1180

BiLiM Systems Ltd.

TCP. FTP/TCP/IP/ENET. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol - ) UDP

SNMP/UDP/IP/ENET.

TCP, UDP Ethernet “n 1” (

). - “1 n” (

). 2.

1	2 3 ...		n	1	2 3	... n
\	|	/	|	\	| |	/	^
	\ | |	/	|		\ | |	/	|
-------------			flow	----------------			flow
|multiplexer|			of	|de-multiplexer|			of
-------------			data	----------------			data
	|		|		|		|
	|		v		|		|
	1				1
			2.

Ethernet Ethernet , ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol). (ARP IP)

Ethernet.

IP, TCP UDP

IP.

! UDP, ,

, UDP. TCP

TCP.

" ,

#; ,

.

! TCP UDP, IP

.

$ , Ethernet,

% IP-#. & . 1

Ethernet. ' Ethernet Ethernet

.

& 4- IP. ( # IP. (

% .

) IP Ethernet.

2.4

* 3 #.

----------------------------

|	network applications				|
|					|
|	... \ | /		..	\ | / ...|
|	-----			-----	|
|	|TCP|			|UDP|	|
|	-----			-----	|
|		\		/	|
|		--------			|
|		|	IP	|	|
|	-----	-*----	*- -----		|
|	|ARP|	|	|	|ARP|	|
|	-----	|	|	-----	|
|	\	|	|	/	|
|	------		------		|
|	|ENET|		|ENET|		|
|	---@--		---@--		|
----------		|-------		|---------
		|		|
		|	---o---------------------------
		|		Ethernet Cable 2
---------------		o----------

Ethernet Cable 1

3. TCP/IP Ethernet

+, # Ethernet 2 IP.

, , # # IP

- m n.

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BiLiM Systems Ltd.

RFC 1180

1

2

3 ...

n

1

2

3 ...

n

\

|

|

/

|

\

|

|

/

^

\ |

|

/

|

\ |

|

/

|

-------------

flow

----------------

flow

|multiplexer|

of

|de-multiplexer|

of

-------------

data

----------------

data

/ |

|

\

|

/ |

|

\

|

/

|

|

\

v

/

|

|

\

|

1

2

3 ...

m

1

2

3 ...

m

4. n m

. IP

, 4,

( , , ).

TCP UDP

\/

\/

--------------

| IP |

||

|	---	|
|	/ \	|
|	/	v |

--------------

/\

/\

data	data
comes in	goes out
here	here

5. IP (IP Forwarding)

IP (forwarding) IP. ,

IP, (IP-router).

, IP TCP UDP IP

. ! IPTCP UDP.

2.5 IP

IP Internet.

. !

. " IP IP- ,

. #

Internet. , $

IP, internet.

2.6

IP “ ” . % ,

(internet), IP. # ,

.

2.7

% , , “ .” % internet

, & . (generalpurpose - ) internet

. '

, . .

& .

2.8 ?

:

EthernetIP?

IP IP?

- ?

TCP UDP, - ?

?

( & , Ethernet.

3. Ethernet

' & Ethernet.

Ethernet (destination) (source), .

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RFC 1180

BiLiM Systems Ltd.

Ethernet 6 . Ethernet Ethernet,

“ ” . Ethernet

(broadcast) FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF ( ).

Ethernet CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense and Multiple Access with Collision Detection -

). ! CSMA/CD

( , ), ( )

. ! “ ” . ! ( )

( - collision), CSMA/CD. !

( ).

3.1

" Ethernet . # ,

.

, - ( ).

( ). $ -

, ( ).

% , . % ,

( ). & . ! - . ' ,

- , - .

( Ethernet), . -

, - ( , , ..........). $

, (&, , ........).

4. ARP

IP Ethernet- ?

! ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Ethernet IP- . ! IP Ethernet .

4.1 ARP

! ARP,

(IP Ethernet) . ! IP -> Ethernet ,

IPEthernet. (

ARP:

1 ARP

IP	Ethernet

223.1.2.108-00-39-00-2F-C3

223.1.2.308-00-5A-21-A7-22

223.1.2.408-00-10-99-AC-54

) IP 4 ( ), . * Ethernet

16- “-”.

' ARP , IP Ethernet (

& ). * IP , Ethernet

. IP-

& , Ethernet .

4.2

! ( , TELNET) TCP, &

TCP- IP- . IP- , TCP IP. + IP Ethernet, Ethernet-

& .

) Ethernet ARP.

4.3 ARP Request/Response ( - )

% ARP?

( ) .

$ ARP, :

1.! ARP Ethernet.

2., IP .

, Ethernet Ethernet ARP. ! &

Ethernet Type ( ) ARP ARP. !

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BiLiM Systems Ltd. RFC 1180

ARP : " IP- IP- , Ethernet- ." ARP

:

2 ARP

IP223.1.2.1

Ethernet- 08-00-39-00-2F-C3

IP223.1.2.2 Ethernet- < >

ARP IP . ,

, , EthernetARP. ARP : " , IP Ethernet ." ARP

/ :

3 ARP

IP223.1.2.2

Ethernet- 08-00-28-00-38-A9

IP223.1.2.1

Ethernet- 08-00-39-00-2F-C3

, . Ethernet Type Ethernet

ARP ARP. ! ARP IP Ethernet " ARP.

" :

4 ARP

IP	Ethernet
223.1.2.1	08-00-39-00-2F-C3
223.1.2.2	08-00-28-00-38-A9
223.1.2.3	08-00-5A-21-A7-22
223.1.2.4	08-00-10-99-AC-54

4.4

# "

. . 2 , IP . # $

(IP - Ethernet) Ethernet. %, " "

" 3, 4, 5 " :

1.ARP Ethernet.

2.& IP .

3.ARP " IP - Ethernet.

4.IP Ethernet " ARP.

5.Ethernet Ethernet.

" ARP IP . #

" ARP request/response IP .

" ARP ' Ethernet.

, ARP, " ARP

. IP, $ , IP.

# " IP ARP IP " ARP. (

TCP UDP. )

( - ) .

, " ARP .

5. IP

! IP " internet IP " ". ! IP

" IP. % "

" ", . " "

.

" " , .

* " " " ", " IP

".

5.1

# 6 3 - A, B C. TCP/IP,

1. + Ethernet Ethernet.

IP, ' Ethernet, .

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RFC 1180		BiLiM Systems Ltd.
A	B	C
|	|	|
--o------	o------	o--

Ethernet 1

IP network "development"

6. IP

A IP- B, IP IP- A ( )

Ethernet A. IP IP- B ( ) Ethernet B.

5 Ethernet IP B

IP	A	B
Ethernet	A	B

IP , Ethernet. IP

- ,

IP.

IP- B IP A, IP- (

) ! ( ).

A B (direct routing).

5.2

" 7 internet - Ethernet ( IP), IP-

( D). IP 4

IP Ethernet.

A	B	C	----D		----	E	F	G
|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
--o------	o------	o------	o- |		-o------	o------	o	------o--
Ethernet 1				|	Ethernet 2
IP network "development"				|	IP network "accounting"
				|
				|
				|	H		I	J
				|	|		|	|
				--o	-----o------		o------ --	o
				Ethernet 3
				IP network "factory"

7. IP internet

" , D, TCP/IP, 1. D IP-

- 3 , , IP 3 Ethernet. D

TCP/IP, 3 ( ). D

3 ARP 3 Ethernet, IP - .

# (IP- ) Ethernet. # IP 7 - .

A IP B, . $

IP ! .

% D A ,

D E, D H ( IP).

A, , ,

IP, . A

D IP IP- . &

(indirect routing).

' IP ! IPTCP, UDP .

( A IP E, IP Ethernet A. %

IP E IP , , IP- A

D , Ethernet- D.

6 Ethernet IP ( D)

IP	A	E
Ethernet	A	D

IP D IP IP- , : "

," - IP E, .

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BiLiM Systems Ltd.					RFC 1180
			7 Ethernet IP ( D)
	IP		A	E
	Ethernet		D	E

, IP - Ethernet

, .

internet .

IP .

, Ethernet

Ethernet.

5.3 IP

.

( ), IP.

IP, , IP

, .

.

IP, , IP

!. " ,

( . ). # .

5.4 IP-

$ IP- ! !, !

!. % 4- IP IP- , ! !

IP ( host number). !, 1, IP 223.1.2.1, - 223.1.2, ! - 1.

& ( ) , - . IP

! C, , (24 ) ! ,

- . ' 2,097,152 C,

2541 .

$ IP ! - NIC (Network Information Center). , !

Internet, NIC . "

! ! ! Internet, NIC.

NIC,

2.

5.5

( ! ! ! , .

! alpha 223.1.2.1.

, “ - ” ! (

hosts). ! , !

. ) ! . * ,

:

223.1.2.1alpha

223.1.2.2beta

223.1.2.3gamma

223.1.2.4delta

223.1.3.2epsilon

223.1.4.2iota

IP- , !.

hosts ! . ,

! delta , ! 3 IP.

! Delta ! ! IP. ) ! delta

IP , IP.

& ! IP. " 3 IP, networks :

223.1.2development

223.1.3accounting

223.1.4factory

IP, - .

* , ! alpha 1 development, ! beta -

2 . ! development.1 (alpha), development.2 (Beta) .

..

+ , ! delta:

223.1.2.4devnetrouter delta

223.1.3.1facnetrouter

223.1.4.1accnetrouter

1$ 0 255 !	. . .
2 ( . RFC 1918 ), - 192.168.0.0. . .
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RFC 1180 BiLiM Systems Ltd.

IP- . , - delta devnetrouter,

. delta , 3
IP.

! . "

, .

5.6 IP-

# IP , IP? $ IP

, , IP- .

% . & IP,

- direct/indirect ( / ), - IP- -

. & ' , IP.

( route. "

, IP .

5.7

) .

---------			---------
| alpha |			| beta	|
|	1	|	| 1	|
---------			---------
	|		|
--------	o	---------------	o-

Ethernet 1

IP network "development"

8. IP-

% alpha :

8

		direct/indirect
development	direct			1

& ' ' UNIXnetstat -r.

.

( .

9

		direct/indirect
223.1.2	direct			1

5.8

Alpha IP beta. & IP IP alpha IP- - beta 223.1.2.2. $ IP IP

. ' .

* ' , '

1. % ARP Ethernet beta '

1.

+ IP, development, IP

. IP ,

Network not reachable ( ).

5.9

, .

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9

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BiLiM Systems Ltd.							RFC 1180
---------			---------			---------
| alpha |			| delta |			|epsilon|
|	1	|	|1	2	3|	| 1	|
---------			---------			---------
	|		|	|	|	|
--------	o	---------------	o- | -o----------------			o	--------

Ethernet 1	|	Ethernet 2
IP network "Development"	|	IP network "accounting"
	|
	|	--------
	|	| iota |
	|	| 1	|
	|	--------
	|	|
	--o	--------o--------
		Ethernet 3
		IP network "factory"

9. IP

alpha :

10 Alpha

	direct/indirect
development	direct		1
accounting	indirect	devnetrouter	1
factory	indirect	devnetrouter	1

.

11 Alpha

	direct/indirect
223.1.2	direct		1
223.1.3	indirect	devnetrouter	1
223.1.4	indirect	devnetrouter	1

Alpha IPdelta,

development.

5.10

Alpha IP epsilon. IP IP alpha epsilon (223.1.3.2). IP IP (223.1.3)

. ! .

" , 223.1.3 # IPdevnetrouter.

IP Alpha # ARP IPdevnetrouter

IP $ 1. IP -

epsilon.

IP delta IP. ,

, IP.

IP Delta (223.1.3) :

				12 Delta
		direct/indirect
	development	direct			1
	accounting	direct			3
	factory	direct			2
% $ .
				13 Delta
		direct/indirect
223.1.2		direct		1
223.1.3		direct		3
223.1.4		direct		2

% . IP IP epsilon

3. IP Ethernet epsilon.

IP epsilon IP, IP- ,

, # .

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