- •Contents
- •Part 1: the verb
- •Module 1
- •Categories of finite forms of the verb ……………………………………………………… 4
- •Module 2
- •Module 3
- •Module 4
- •Part 2: appendix
- •Part 2: the verb
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb
- •V erbals
- •I nfinitive Gerund Participle
- •Lisa is swimming now. Lisa has swum a lot today. Notes:
- •Morphological StructurE of the Verb
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb
- •Group 1: Stative and Dynamic Verbs
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb (continued) Group 2: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
- •Raleigh and his Servant
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb (continued) Group 3: Terminative and Durative Verbs
- •To go to run to walk to sleep to read to write to stand to speak to sit to live to think to do
- •Insufficient Local Knowledge
- •Much More Difficult
- •Functional Classification of the Verb
- •A Crazy Language
- •Present indefinite (present simple)
- •In the morning/afternoon/ evening
- •Death in paris
- •Present continuous (present progressive)
- •Reported speech: commands, instructions, requests, suggestions, warnings
- •I suggested going inside
- •I suggested that we (should) go outside.
- •Where is wonda?
- •Present perfect
- •*Part 1.
- •**Part 2.
- •Present perfect continuous (Progressive)
- •Part 1.
- •Part 2.
- •Part a.
- •Part b
- •Planet earth
- •Reported questions
- •I wonder …/He wonders… / She wonders…/ They wonder …
- •I (we, they) want to know /She wants to know
- •I (he, she they) would like to know …
- •Part a
- •I wonder… Could/Can you tell me … I’d like to know …
- •Part b
- •Past indefinite (past simple)
- •In 1997/in spring/ winter/ summer/ autumn
- •Past indefinite and present perfect compared
- •Past continuous (past progressive)
- •Part 1.
- •Part 2.
- •Part 3.
- •Past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous (Progressive)
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •In an hour/ in a week/ month/ year
- •In the (near/ nearest) future
- •Construction “to be going to” for future actions
- •Future indefinite V.S. Construction “to be going to”
- •Future continuous (future progressive)
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Future perfect
- •Future perfect continuous
- •Sequences of tenses and reported speech The main rule:
- •The use of verb forms after different introductory verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Patrick gave Laura beautiful roses.
- •B y # with
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •Part d.
- •Part e.
- •Part f.
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •A terrible mistake
- •Complex object
- •Verbs of sense perception
- •After the verbs of mental activity
- •After the verbs of wishes and emotions
- •Verbs ‘to make, to have and to let’
- •Appendix
- •Irregular verbs
Planet earth
Life on earth _________ (1). Are you aware of the damage being done to our planet? First of all, we all know that trees __________(2) oxygen and homes for animals. However, trees __________(3) because of fires and logging. Fortunately, many governments__________(4) to plant new trees.
Secondly, we also know that many different species of fish __________(5) on coral reef. They may die because fishermen __________(6) coral reefs. Though some fishermen __________(7) fishing near coral reefs and it is a good sign.
Thirdly, many people __________(8) coal and oil as fuel for heating in their homes. Coal and oil supplies __________ (9). But there are some people, who __________(10) to other sources of fuel for heating and they can be a good example for others.
Fourthly, we all know that ocean life__________(11) 90% of our oxygen. Instead of protecting it, we __________(12) the oceans with rubbish. However some people __________(13) to recycle rubbish instead of throwing it all away.
We must stop the destruction now, before it is too late!
Reported questions
Reported questions are usually introduced with the following verbs or expressions:
to ask
to inquire
I wonder …/He wonders… / She wonders…/ They wonder …
I (we, they) want to know /She wants to know
I (he, she they) would like to know …
Can/could you tell me …?
Do you know…?
e.g. I ask you where you have been.
She wonders who helps you with you housework.
Do you know how long the Smiths have been living in Glasgow?
Can you tell me who has broken the window?
2. When the direct question begins with a question word
who?
where?
how old?
how long ?
when?
why?
how much?
how many?
how long?
what?
the reported question is introduced with the same question word.
e.g. ‘Where does you sister live?’ – I wonder where your sister lives. = Интересно, где живет твоя сестра.
‘How much do these shoes cost?’ – Can (Could) you tell me how much these shoes cost? = Вы не могли бы мне сказать, сколько стоят эти туфли?
3. When the direct question begins with an auxiliary, link verb or a modal verb, then the reported question begins with the conjunctions if or whether
e.g. 'Have you seen this man before?' – I wonder if/ whether you have seen the man before. = Интересно, вы видели этого человека раньше. = Интересно, видели ли вы этого человека раньше.
‘Is he the man you are looking for?’ – Can you tell me if/ whether he is the man you are looking for? = Можете вы мне сказать, тот ли это человек, которого вы ищете?
4. In reported questions, the word order is direct like in statements and auxiliary verbs are not used.
e.g. ‘Do you like horror films?’ – I wonder if you like horror films.
‘What is your favourite sport?’ – Can you tell me what your favourite sport is?
5. The question mark and words/expressions such as please, well, oh, etc. are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements.
e.g. ‘Where does Sarah live?’ – I wonder where Sarah lives.
‘How much work have you already done?’ –
Could you tell me how much work you have already done?
“Where are you going?’ – I ask you where you are going..
6. Russian question beginning with the main clause ‘Как ты думаешь...’ can be translated into English in two ways according to the communicative type of questions that follow the main clause. Compare:
General questions (begin with ‘Do you think…’) |
Special Questions (begin with a question word) |
Как ты думаешь, Мария любит розы? = Do you think Maria likes roses? Как ты думаешь, будет ли завтра лекция по Истории Украины? = Do you think there will be a lecture in History of Ukraine tomorrow? |
Как ты думаешь, какие цветы любит Мария? = What flowers do you think Maria likes? Как ты думаешь, какая лекция будет завтра вместо Истории Украины? = What lecture do you think there will be tomorrow instead of History of Ukraine? |
*TASK 32. Turn the following into reported questions.