- •Automobile
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •Unit 1 automobile industry
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. Fill in the gap with the necessary word.
- •4. Find synonyms to the following verbs.
- •Read the sentences from the text where they were used.
- •Retell the text. History of the Automobile Industry
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •Henry Ford and Mass Production
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •Power System
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •A. Engine
- •Engine Types
- •Fuel Supply
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •Read and translate the text
- •Match two parts of the sentences using the information from the text
- •D. Exhaust System Read the text paying attention to the words given. Learn these words by heart.
- •E. Cooling and Heating System
- •Drivetrain
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •A. Transmission
- •B. Front- and Rear-Wheel Drive
- •Unit IV Support Systems
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •A. Suspension System
- •B. Wheels and Tires
- •Unit V Control Systems
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •B. Brakes
- •Study the meanings of the word skid and try to use the word combinations in your own sentences.
- •1) А) заносить (об автомобиле) It was raining hard, and the car skidded badly. — Шел сильный дождь, и машину сильно заносило.
- •2) Предотвращать движение (колес) с помощью тормозного башмака.
- •Unit VI
- •Match the following meanings of the techniques that need electricity.
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •Unit VII Safety Features
- •Unit VIII Supplementary reading. History
- •Internal-Combustion Engine
- •Early Electric Cars
- •Automobiles in the 20th Century
- •New Technologies
B. Wheels and Tires
Read the information about wheels and tires.
Wheels support the vehicle’s weight and transfer torque to the tires from the drivetrain and braking systems. Automobile wheels generally are made of steel or aluminum. Aluminum wheels are lighter, more impact absorbent, and more expensive.
Pneumatic (air-filled) rubber tires, first patented in 1845, fit on the outside rims of the wheels. Tires help smooth out the ride and provide the automobile’s only contact with the road, so traction and strength are primary requirements. Tire treads come in several varieties to match driving conditions.
Translate the text into English.
Рессоры и амортизаторы не предохраняют автомобиль от мелких толчков, возникающих при наезде на небольшие неровности. Для поглощения небольших толчков и смягчения ударов при наезде на препятствия применяют пневматические шины. Смягчение ударов и поглощение мелких толчков осуществляются за счет сжатого воздуха в шинах и их упругости.
Автомобильная пневматическая шина состоит из трех частей: покрышки, камеры и обода (ободная лента). Основной и наиболее сложной частью шины является покрышка, которая защищает камеру от повреждения и обеспечивает хорошее сцепление колеса с дорогой.
Unit V Control Systems
Vocabulary to be remembered.
steering system – система рулевого управления
braking system - тормозная система
adjust – регулировать
tie-rod - стяжка; круглая соединительная тяга
steering wheel – руль
steering shaft – рулевой вал
steering column – рулевая колонка
to augment - усиливать; повышать
A driver controls the automobile’s motion by keeping the wheels pointed in the desired direction, and by stopping or slowing the speed at which the wheels rotate. These controls are made possible by the steering and braking systems. In addition, the driver controls the vehicle’s speed with the transmission and the gas pedal, which adjusts the amount of fuel fed to the engine.
Read and translate the text.
A. Steering
Automobiles are steered by turning the front wheels, although a few automobile types have all-wheel steering. Most steering systems link the front wheels together by means of a tie-rod. The tie-rod insures that the turning of one wheel is matched by a corresponding turn in the other.
When a driver turns the steering wheel, the mechanical action rotates a steering shaft inside the steering column. Depending on the steering mechanism, gears or other devices convert the rotating motion of the steering wheel into a horizontal force that turns the wheels. Manual steering relies only on the force exerted by the driver to turn the wheels. Conventional power steering uses hydraulic pressure, operated by the pressure or movement of a liquid, to augment that force, requiring less effort by the driver. Electric power steering uses an electric motor instead of hydraulic pressure.
Translate the following information into English using the words from the Vocabulary.
Рулевое управление.
Изменение направления движения автомобиля осуществляется поворотом передних колес при помощи рулевого управления. К рулевому управлению относят рулевой механизм и рулевой привод. Вращение рулевого колеса (руль) через рулевой механизм передается на рычаги и тяги рулевого привода, при помощи которых поворачиваются управляемые колеса. В кабине автомобиля установлена рулевая колонка с рулевым колесом.