3. Find the answers to the questions in the text.

1. How many metals are of wide industrial importance?

2. What is the most applicable Metal in engineering?

3. What is the age of Iron use?

4. When were the earliest iron tools made?

5. What technology on iron processing was developed by man in the 14 century?

6. What is the simplest method of retrieving iron from its ore?

7. What is wrought iron?

8. Iron is high in carbon content, isn’t it?

9. Is carbon-content-iron malleable and formable as are steels?

10. What method on iron processing was developed in the middle of the 18 century?

Why it was important?

11. What place does iron engage in Steel-production?

12. What is Steel by definition?

13. When are iron-carbon alloys considered to be pure iron?

14. What are the properties of pure iron?

15. What are pure iron applications?

16. What is the carbon content in high-carbon steel?

17. What are the properties of such steels?

4. Complete the sentences.

1. There are … in the periodic table of elements.

2. The most applicable metal in engineering is …

3. … man developed the technology to melt and cast iron into a useful shape.

4. The removal of the impurities from the crude iron made iron …

5. The Bessemer process was the start …

6. Steel by definition is …

7. Pure iron is …

8. From the commercial standpoint steels have a low carbon limit of …

9. Iron-carbon alloys with more than 2% by weight of carbon are …

10. Thus steels are …

5. Match the following English words and word-combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. applicable a. Бесемерівський процес

2. cast iron b. литий чавун

3. carbon-content scale c. необроблений чавун

4. Bessemer process d. відливка з чавуну

5. molten iron e. той, що можна пристосувати

6. charcoal f. рафіноване від домі шків залізо

7. forging g. шкала вмісту карбону

8. crude iron h. ковкий чавун

9. metallic iron i. деревне вугілля

10. wrought iron j. ковка; штампування

6. True or false statements.

1. Only about 10 metals in the periodic table of elements are of wide industrial importance.

2. The most applicable metal in engineering is Gold.

3. Before the 14^th century iron could only be retrieved from its ore by heating it in the presence of charcoal.

4. Because of the slag and nonmetallic inclusions wrought iron left something to be desired.

5. The removal of the impurities from the crude iron made iron brittle at room temperature.

6. The Bessemer process is very popular in nowadays.

7. When iron carbon alloys have more than 0,005% carbon present at room temperature, they are considered to be pure iron.

8. Pure iron is used in magnetic devices.

9. Iron-carbon alloys with more than 2% by weight of carbon are brittle for rolling, forming and shearing.

10. Steels are alloys of iron and carbon with carbon limits more than 2%.

II. Retell the text “Metals. Iron and Steel”

III. Rendering

1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian using a dictionary. Classification of iron and steel. Methods of manufacture

Pig iron is the product of the blast furnace and is made by the reduction of iron ore.

Cast iron is an alloy of iron containing so much carbon that, as cast, it is not

appreciably malleable at any temperature.

White cast iron contains carbon in the combined form. The presence of cementite or iron carbide (Fe₃ C) makes this metal hard and brittle, and the absence of graphite gives the fracture a white color.

Malleable cast iron is an alloy in which all the combined carbon in a special white cast iron has been changed to free or temper carbon by suitable heat-treatment.

Gray cast iron is a cast iron which, as cast, has combined or cementitic carbon not in excess of a eutectoid percentage – the balance of the carbon occurring as graphite flakes. The term “gray iron” is derived from the characteristic gray fracture of this metal.

Mottled cast iron is cast iron, the fracture of which is mottled, with white parts in which no graphite is seen and gray parts in which graphite is seen.

Ingot iron is an open-hearth iron very low in carbon, manganese, and other impurities.

Wrought iron is a ferrous material aggregated from a solidifying mass of pasty particles of highly refined metallic iron with which is incorporated, without subsequent fusion, a minutely and uniformly distributed quantity of slag.

Steel is a malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing substantial quantities of manganese.

Carbon steel is steel that owes its distinctive properties chiefly to the carbon that it contains.

Alloy steel is steel that owes its distinctive properties chiefly to some element or elements other than carbon, or jointly to such other elements and carbon. Some of the alloy steels necessarily contain an important percentage of carbon, even as much as 1.25 percent. There is no agreement as to where the line between the alloy steels and the carbon steels shall be brawn.

Bessemer steel, open-hearth steel, crucible steel, and electric-furnace steel are steels made by the Bessemer, open-hearth, crucible, and electric-furnace processes, irrespective of carbon content.

Puddled iron (steel) is wrought iron (steel) made by the puddling process. Puddled steel is necessarily slag bearing.

2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.

3. Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

IV. Comprehensive skills

1. Read and remember.

durable [ʹdjuərəl] adj міцний

iron gril n гриль

puddling [ʹpʌdliŋ] process n пудлінгів процес

railings n решітка

2. Listen to the text “Types of Wrought Iron” and try to understand it.

3. True or false statements.

1. Wrought iron is very low on carbon content.

2. Items made of wrought iron are not highly durable.

3. Wrought iron was used to make various weapons and tools in the third century.

4. Charcoal iron and puddled iron are used for industrial usage only.

5. Wrought iron in its softest form is used to make doors and gates.

4. Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions.

1. What temperatures is wrought iron produced at?

2. What are two main types of wrought iron?

3. How may wrought iron be used for domestic usage?

4. Wrought iron is shock resistant and corrosion free, isn’t it?

5. Are items made of wrought iron highly durably?

V. Communicative skills

Topic for discussion: Iron and Steel are the Main Engineering Materials.

Unit 5

Topic: Heat Treatment of Steels