Тема 8. Business

VOCABULARY

to own – володіти

a partnership – партнерство, товариство

a corporation – корпорація

trade – торгівля

production – виробництво

distribution – розподіл

a profit – прибуток

a market – ринок

a works – завод

an exchange – обмін

an aim – мета (= рифове, goal)

expenses – витрати

regulations – законоположення

an agreement – контракт

a stock certificate (or share) – акція

a stockholder – акціонер

governmental – державний

receipts – грошові надходження

statistical data – статистичні дані

to account for – нараховувати

1. BUSINESS

The word "business" is used in many modern languages. In ancient times it meant trade for things people wanted. Nowadays business is production, distribution and sale of goods or services to get some profit.

Production is, as a matter of fact, making things, producing goods and creating services.

Distribution is moving things from the place of production (works or factory) to the market-place.

As for the sale of goods and services, it is the exchange of a product or service for money.

In any business activity making a profit is the major aim. Profit is defined as the money that remains after paying all the expenses in business.

2. FORMS OF BUSINESS

In most countries there are three forms of business. They are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation.

The sole proprietorship means to go into business for oneself. Everybody has the right to do it. All you need is ideas about the business, some capital to begin with and knowledge of regulations of this business.

The partnership is an association of two or more people involved in business. In partnership it is important to have a written partnership agreement.

The corporation is the so-called "a legal person", an institution to make a profit. Those, who operate a corporation have stock certificates. The individuals who own such stock certificates (or shares) are called stock-holders. As a matter of fact, there are privately own business corporations and governmental ones.

Questions

1. What was the definition of business in ancient times?

2. What is the modern definition of business?

3. What does production in business mean?

4. What do we mean under distribution in business?

5. What does sale of goods and services mean in business?

6. Can you give the definition of profit?

Тема 9. Statistics

VOCABULARY

a phenomenon – явище

to describe – описувати

to deal with – пов'язувати, мати справу з

numerical – числовий

numerical data – цифрові дані

numeral – числовий, цифровий

a state – держава,

accounting – бухгалтерський облік

Antique World – Стародавній світ

ancient – стародавній

ancient times – давнина

quality – якість

quantity – кількість

qualitative – якісний

quantitative – кількісний

to consist of – складатися з

several – декілька

to divide – поділяти

a branch – галузь, філія

to consider – розглядати

analysis – аналіз

to work out – розробляти

working out – розробка

an index – показник, індекс

an indicator – показник

calculation – розрахунок, обчислення

standards of life – рівень життя

a level – рівень

a consumption – споживання

population – населення

development – розвиток, зміна, тенденція

CONFEST – конференція з питань статистики

constantly – постійно

to repeat – повторювати

space – простір, космос

in the course of time – з плином часу

The role of statistics is hard to overestimate. As soon as a state is formed people begin to pay attention to the quantitative side of many social things. The more developed a society is, the more important role statistics plays in its life.

The word statistics comes from the Latin word "status" which means the state of things. The synonym of the state of things is a number of facts about certain social and economic phenomena and processes. They also describe statistics as. a science which deals with,mass numerical data.

Historically, statistics development starts with the formation of a state. One can find some traces of statistics and accounting" in documents of the most developed countries of the Antique World.

One should remember that statistics, first of all, deals with the so-called quantitative side of things. However, the quantitative side is closely connected with the qualitative side of things.

Statistics consists of several sections. They are independent and at the same time these sections are closely connected with each other. At present time they divide statistics into four main parts. They are:

• statistics theory;

• economic statistics;

• branch statistics;

• social statistics.

Let us consider these parts in short.

Statistics theory deals with the categories of this science, methods and means of analysis.

Economic statistics deals with phenomena and processes that are taking place in an economy. It works out the whole system of economic indices and methods of study of an economy of a country or of a region.

Branch statistics may be subdivided into industrial, agricultural, finance, social infrastructure, trade, banking, state budget and so on.

Each branch statistics works out the methods of calculation of indicators that show specific features of each branch taken separately.

Social statistics deals with social conditions and character of labour, standards of life, levels of profit and income, consumption of products and services by population. During all the time statistics as a science is developing side by side with the development of other theoretical sciences dealing with society.

Another no less important feature of statistics is that it studies the mass character of social phenomena. It means that statistics is constantly dealing with such phenomena which are repeating themselves and are changing in space and in the course of time.