10. Translate English jokes.

A.: Our math professor talks to himself, does yours?

B.: Yes, but he doesn’t realize it. He thinks we’re listening.

    

I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go to the other room and read a book.

11. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian: London

L ondon (England), city in southeastern England, capital of Great Britain, at the head of the Thames estuary, west of its mouth on the North Sea. London is one of the world’s most important financial and cultural centers and is noted for its museums, performing arts, exchange and commodity markets, and insurance and banking functions, as well as a host of specialized services. In popular and traditional usage, the term City of London, or the City, is applied only to a small area (2.59 sq km/1 sq mi) that was the original settlement (ancient Londinium) and is now part of the business and financial district of the metropolis. The City of London and 32 surrounding boroughs form the Greater London metropolitan area, which has an area of 1579 sq km (610 sq mi).

Government

The London Government Act (1963) authorized the creation of a two-tiered government consisting of 32 borough councils and the Greater London Council. The borough councils are locally elected and are responsible for local functions. Until its abolition in 1986, the Greater London Council administered broad functions for the metropolitan area as a whole, such as overall planning, the coordination of transportation systems, and the management of parks. The council comprised 100 councilors, locally elected, and 15 aldermen, elected by the councilors.

T he historic Corporation of the City of London is equivalent in function to a borough council. Since the reign of King John in the 13^th century, citizens of the City of London have had the right to elect their own mayor. The corporation government is composed of the Lord mayor, who is elected annually by members of the livery companies (guilds); 25 aldermen, who are elected for life; and 153 council members, who are elected annually from 25 wards.

(From an Encyclopedia)

Unit 2

Grammar:1. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении.

2. Имя существительное в общем падеже в функции определения

3. Притяжательные местоимения.

I. Language Practice

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

Good  bye! `Bye  bye! `So  long! `See you  soon! `See you  later! `See you tomorrow! I `hope we’ll `see some more of you! Good  night! Good  day! Re`member me to...

`May I intro`duce `Mr.  N.? `How do you  do? `Glad to  meet you. `Pleased to  meet you.  Please, intro`duce me to your  friend. `Let me intro`duce you to `Doctor  M. `Meet `Mr  F. `Meet my  friend, `Doctor  M.

`Many  thanks. `Thanks a  lot. `That’s  nice of you. `Not at  all! `That’s all  right! `Don’t  mention it!

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1. a buyer - покупатель

2. a seller - продавец

3. private property - частная собственность

4. to own - владеть

5. means of production - средства производства

6. incentive - стимул

7. to earn profits - получать прибыль

8. cost - цена, стоимость

9. cost price - цена производства

10. selling price - продажная цена

11. to charge a price - назначать цену

12. polling booth - кабина для голосования

13. to undersell - продавать по сниженной цене

Text. The Market Economy

A Market, or free enterprise economy is one in which the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact to determine the answers to the questions of What, How and Who.

In addition to buyers and sellers, there are several other essential elements in a market economy. One of these is private property. By «private property» we mean the right of individuals and business firms to own the means of productions. Although markets exist in traditional and command economies, the major means of productions (firms, factories, farms, mines, etc.) are usually publicly owned. That is, they are owned by groups of people or by the government. In a market economy the means of production are owned by private individuals. Private ownership gives people the incentive to use their property to produce things that will sell and earn them a profit.

This desire to earn profit is a second ingredient in market economy. Often referred to as the profit motive, it provides the fuel that drives sellers to produce the things that buyers want, and at a price they are willing to pay.

The profit motive also gives sellers the incentive to produce at the lowest possible cost. Why? Because lower costs enable them to (1) increase their profit margins, the difference between cost and selling price, or (2) reduce prices to undersell during the competition, or (3) both.

Economists often compare markets to polling booths. However, unlike the booths in which people vote for politicians, markets provide a kind of economic polling booth for buyers to cast their votes (in the form of purchases) for the goods and services they want. Producers who interpret the votes correctly by producing the things that buyers demand can earn profits. Those who interpret the voting incorrectly, producing too much or too little, or charging a price that is too high or too low, do not earn profits. In fact, they often lose money.

Consumer votes can be a matter of life and death to business in a market economy.