Дроздова.English Grammar

“ONE” AND “ONES” IN PLACE OF COUNTABLE NOUNS

1.We can’t use an adjective on its own in place of a singular countable noun. We must use a noun after an adjective or we must use one to avoid repeating the noun:

□Don’t use that cloth. Use this clean one. (Not “Use this clean.”)

2.We use ones to avoid repeating a plural countable noun:

□Idon’t want to wear my old shoes. Iwant to wear my new ones. (Not “Wear my new.”)

3.We can use one and ones for people as well as things:

□Do you know John Smith/Jane Smith? - Is he/she the one who phoned last night?

□Do you know the Smiths? - Are they the ones who used to live in this house?

4.We do not use one in place of an uncountable noun. We repeat the noun or use no noun atall:

□Don’t use that milk. Use this fresh milk. On Use this fresh. (Not “this fresh one.”)

“WHICH ONE(S)?” - “THIS/THAT (ONE)”

1.We use one/ones to refer to people and things after “Which?”, this/that and adjectives:

□Which one would you like? This one or that one? - I’d like thelarge one/thered one.

We can also say:

□Which would you like? This or that?

2.We sometimes omit one and ones after superlatives and in short answers:

□Which One/ones would you like? - I’d like the best (one/ones).

□Which one/ones would you like? - The large/the red.

3.We usually avoid ones after these/those:

□I want these. I want those. (Not “these ones.”)

4.We normally use one/ones after this/that/these/those + adjective:

□Iwant this/that white one. Iwant these/those white ones.

5.We cannot omit one/ones in structures like:

□Which woman? - The one in the green dress.

EXERCISES

Ex. 47. (A, B) Use one or ones instead of the nouns in italic type:

1.This copy is torn. Bring me another copy.

2.I’ve read all the books, may I take the other books too?

3.These cherries are sour. Have your got sweeter cherries?

4.He’s fond of nearly all games, but tennis and football are the games he likes best.

5.Which is my glass here? -Take the glass nearest to you.

6.Galileo showed that the small weight dropped as quickly as the large weight.

7.There are two vacant tables here. Which table will you take?

Ex. 48. (A, B) Supply one or ones only where necessary.

1.I simply took this book because it was the first____I chanced to see.

2.Which actresses did you like? - The____who appeared in Act I.

230

3.I’ve had enough soup. Give me no more____.

4.Which computer did you use? - The____that is in your office.

5.We shouldn’t have taken this wireless. Itseems to me that____is better.

6.Pour away that dirty water and get some clean____.

Ex. 49. (B) Supply one or ones.

1.I need that plate. - Do you mean the small one?

2.Which shoes fit you best? - The big_____ .

3.Have you got a rain-coat? - Yes, I have got a blue_________ .

4.Which jeans are you going to buy? - The most expensive_____ .

5.Has Paul got a silk tie? - Yes, he has got_____ .

6.Two of those coats suit you very well. - Which______?

7.If I were you, I’d sell that old car and buy a new______ .

8.I’d like to see some rings, please. - These_____ in silver or those______in gold?

9.I’d like to try one of these shirts. Please pass me that white__ .

10.Kate has a new dress. - Do you mean the red_____ ?

Ex. 50. (B) Translate the sentences.

1. Какие перчатки ты хочешь купить? - Те, что на витрине. 2. Какой пуловер ты предпочитаешь? Красный или синий? 3. Пожалуйста, передай мне ту тарелку. - Какую? 4. Я хочу проверить (test-drive) одну из этих машин. - Эту или ту? 5. У тебя есть новая сумка? - Да, черная. 6. Дай мне, пожалуйста, нож. - Какой? - Тот, длинный. 7. Принеси мне книгу с моего стола. - Какую? - Новый роман. 8. Мне нужен словарь, тот, что стоит на полке.

1.7 "MUCH/MANY", "LITTLE/FEW", "A LITTLE/A FEW"

	Much + uncountable nouns:
	□ Ihaven’t got much time.
	□ Is there much milk in the fridge?
Много	Many + plural countable nouns:
	□ He has lived here for many years.
	□ Have you got many problems?

A lot of/plenty о1 T P'ural countable nouns

r+ uncountable nouns

□I’ve got a lot of books.

□I know old Mr Hopper has a lot of money.

□There are plenty of eggs in the house.

□We have plenty of time to get to the station.

231

THE BASIC USES OF MUCH/MANY ARE:

1.in negative statements:

□There isn’t much space in this flat.

□There aren’t many pandas in China.

2.in questions:

□Isthere much demand for silk stockings?

□Will there be many guests at the party?

3.in formal statements (= a lot of):

□Much money is spent for defence.

□Many teachers retire early.

4.in time references:

□I’ve lived here for many years.

5.with “as... as”:

□Take as much as you like.

6.not much/not many to begin a sentence:

□Not many know about this.

□Not much happens around here in winter.

WE USE A LOT OF (LOTS OF):

1.in the affirmative:

□She spends a lot of money on clothes.

□There were such a lot of people in the shops.

2.in negative statements for emphasis:

□I haven’t got a lot of time for people like him.

Little + uncountable nouns:

□He gained little advantage from the scheme.

□I have very little time for reading.

Few + plural countable nouns:

□He has got very few friends.

□There seem to be very few people in this area.

THE BASIC USES OF LITTLE/FEW, A LITTLE/A FEW:

1.a little means “some but not much”, “a small quantity”(“немного”):

□He knows a little French.

□A little care would have prevented the accident.

2.a few - “a small number”(“несколько”)

□We are going away for a few days.

3.little/few are negative (= hardly any)] a few/a little are positive (= some).

EXERCISES___________________________________________

Ex. 51. (В, C) Choose between much and many, (a) little and (a) fewto use in the following sentences.

1. Last week there was so_____rain that I was not able to go out. 2. He knows______, but the_____ he knows he knows well. 3. He is a man of______words. 4. My dear, I’m

232

afraid I have not_____ news to convey but still there are______ things I should like to add. 5.____ is spoken about it, but______believe it. 6. The forces were unequal, they were____ we were____ . 7. My engagements were____________ and I was glad to accept the invitation. 8. We shan’t get all into the car. We are one too______ . 9. He was so happily absorbed in the building of his house that events outside it affected him_____ . 10. He has very_____ knowledge of the matter. 11. There isn’t ______ harm in it.

12._____ was said but______done. 13.1suggested that he should get______ plums and some bread. 14. At the bar_____ men were discussing the coming elections in loud barking tones. 15.1have so_____ things to do that I don’t know which to do first. 16. Aunt Florrie had_____ money while none of the other family had inherited a s______ as a pound. 17. Very_____ people know about it. 18. My sister spends so______money on her clothes that she has none left for holidays. 19. I began to miss London: it was not so

_____ that I had______ close friends there, for I have______ friends, but I missed variety. 20. Tom has eaten so_____ that he can’t move. 21. Say_____ and do_____ . 22. Adeline had slept_____ last night and she had a headache. 23. She was glad to see me because I was English and she knew_____ English people. 24. He knew he was not a good teacher, and he intended to do_____ of that. 25.______heard about the book, but

_____ read it. 26. Nowadays he was very busy and he saw______ of his old friends. 27.Virginia returned to England at the moment when_____ were leaving it.

Ex. 52. (B) Make the following sentences affirmative and replace many and much bysuitable expressions.

1. Is there much water in the kettle? 2. Mary hasn’t got much work to do today. 3 .1drove along the edge of the sea. There were not many people about. 4. Do you have much time this week? 5. There isn't much I can do to help you. 6. Dick doesn’t smoke much. 7. There isn’t much time to catch the train. 8. I didn’t get much to eat when I had dinner with the Greens. 9.1haven’t much time for watching TV. 10. There isn't much snow in Moscow this winter.

Ex. 53. (B) Translate into English.

1.В бутылке есть немного лимонада. 2. У нее не много платьев. 3. Кто из них переводит много статей с русского на английский? 4. Сколько иностранных языков вы собираетесь учить? 5. В университете много абитуриентов (applicants) на одно место.

6.Каждый день мы получаем много иностранных журналов и газет. 7. Извините, у меня мало времени, и я не могу долго разговаривать с вами. 8. Мы будем обедать через несколько минут. 9. В комнате много света. 10. Вы пригласили много гостей?

11.Ты увидишь его через несколько дней. 12. У вас много бумаги. Дайте мне немного,

пожалуйста. 13. У вас сегодня много или мало работы? 14. В субботу в магазинах много народа. 15. У нас сегодня было много посетителей. 16. Он зарабатывал мало денег и не мог жить в большом городе. 17. Мама дала мне много поручений (things to do), но я смог выполнить только несколько. 18. Я прочел много книг по этому вопросу.

19.По воскресеньям в парке много народа. 20. Ты знаешь много французских слов?

21.Сейчас в школе мало детей, сейчас каникулы.

233

2. TESTS

I

1.Ты можешь обойтись (do without) без моей помощи, а без ее помощи не можешь.

2.Ты не умеешь вести себя. Веди себя прилично!

3.Куда ты положил деньги? - Они в кошельке.

4.Есть ли какая-нибудь разница между ними? -Я не вижу разницы и думаю, что ее нет.

5.По обе стороны улицы стояли большие дома.

6.Он внимательно осмотрел каждую комнату. Все они были большими иуютными.

7.Можно мне взять словарь? - Вы можете взять любой из двух, но не оба. - Я возьму либо тот, либо этот словарь.

8.Он возложил (put) всю вину на меня.

9.Все лкрди любят праздники. Все хотят праздника.

10.Все кричали. Никто друг друга не слушал.

11.Весь город перестраивается.

12.Казалось, они были одни и смотрели только друг на друга.

13.Мы дошли до другого конца коридора и остановились.

14.Другие люди рассказывали мне ту же историю.

15.Я не ем много фруктов. Сколько яблок вы принесли?

16.В сахарнице очень мало сахара.

17.Вчера в парке было мало детей.

18.Возьмите, пожалуйста, этот стул и принесите мне другой.

II

1.Его сочинение гораздо интереснее, чем твое или мое.

2.Мой брат бреется через день. Пойди побрейся.

3.Я принес вам важные новости. Это самые последние новости.

4.Съешь еще мороженое. - Спасибо, мне больше не надо. Я больше не хочу.

5.В гостинице есть две свободные комнаты. Можете занять любую.

6.Я помню каждый дом на нашей улице.

7.Обе руки у него были заняты. Он нес по чемодану в каждой руке.

8.Он пролил все молоко (spill).

9.Все сведения поступили вовремя. Теперь все знают об этом .

10.Все здание было разрушено.

11.В комнате было пять человек. Все с удивлением смотрели друг на друга.

12.Оба говорили по-английски, они хорошо понимали друг друга.

13.Театр находится на другой стороне улицы.

14.Подождите, пожалуйста, я должен надеть другой пиджак.

15.Некоторые из нас поехали поездом, а другие полетели самолетом.

16.Поспеши, у нас очень мало времени.

17.Я купил всего несколько книг, но потратил много денег.

18.У него мало друзей в Москве, но у него много друзей в родном городе.

THE ADJECTIVE

1. FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES

	ADJECTIVES ARE DIVIDED INTO:
Simple	Derivative	Compound
good	beautiful	snow-white
red	foolish	deaf-mute
new	hopeless	cold-hearted
unkind	four-wheeled

ADJECTIVES FORMED WITH SUFFIXES:

Many adjectives related to verbs or nouns have a characteristic ending (or suffix): □ We enjoyed the party. - The party was very enjoyable.

-able (capable of being)	manageable
-ful (full of)	boastful
-ic	energetic
-ive (capable of being)	attractive
-ant	hesitant
-ible (like - able)	permissible, likable
-<i)an (historical period, etc.)	Victorian
-ish (having the quality of)	foolish, reddish
-ly(having this quality)	friendly
-ous	humorous
-al	occasional

And note -ing forms used as adjectives: running water.

ADJECTIVES FORMED WITH PREFIXES:

A prefix (e.g. im-) added to an adjective generally has a negative effect:

□ I think it’s possible to solve the problem. I think it’s impossible to solve the problem.

un- uncooked, unimaginable in- incapable, inhuman

il- illegal, illegible

im- immoral, impractical dis- dishonest, disagreeable ir- irresponsible, irregular

And note pre- (pre-war) and hyper- (hyperactive), which do not create opposites but modify the meaning of the word in some wav.

235

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES OF MEASUREMENT, ETC.:

"a twenty-year-oldman"

1.We combine numbers with nouns in the singular to form compound adjectives with hyphens: a twenty-year-oldman (not “atwenty-years-old man”).

We prefer compounds of this kind to phrases with of: a man of twentyyears.

2.Compound adjectives of this kind can refer to:

- age	a three-year-oldbuilding
- volume	a two-litre car
- length	a twelve-inch ruler
- price	a $50 dress (afifty-dollar dress)
- weight	a five-kilo bag
- area	a fifty-acre farm
- duration	a four-hourmeeting
- depth	a six-foot hole
- time/distance	a ten-minute walk.

EXERCISES_________________________________________________________

Ex. 1. (A) Form adjectives from the given words with the help of the suffixes.

Model: care	careful	careless;
wool	woollen.

Use, frost, rain, rock, fog, snow, ice, sun, noise, speed, nature, trouble, hope, art, truth, possibility, beauty, insist, significance, shame.

Ex. 2. (A, B) Form adjectives from the given ones with the help of the prefixes and point out the changes in meaning.

Model: urban	interurban
practical	impractical

Acceptable, national, continuous, possible, legal, appointing, complete, married, accurate, able, bearable, available, believable, conscious, stellar.

Ex. 3. (A, B) Give the adjectives of the nationalities according to the models.

Model: Russia	Russian;
England	English.

Europe, America, Asia, the Ukraine, Scandinavia, Australia, Poland, Finland, Spain, India, Canada, Egypt, Iran, Chile, Yugoslavia, Sweden, Rumania, Nigeria, Italy.

Ex. 4. (B) Supply the right adjective forms for the italicized words.

Model: The story is full of humour. I’ve rarely read anything that’s so humorous.

1.I enjoyed his company greatly. Itwas just__________ .

2.This firmproduced a lot in recent years. This firm has been very_______in recentyears.

3.Many years have passed but I recognized the place at once. It is___________ .

4.I don’t know where you find all that energy. You’re tremendously____________ .

236

5.I found the book easy and pleasant to read. It’s ____________ .

6.I don’t know howto describe the colour of the sky. It’s almost red, sort of__________ .

7.I’ve never met anyone who boasts as he does. He’s extremely____________ .

8.What level of radiation can be permitted? How much radiation is___________ .

9.I’mattracted by this man. I find him very______________.

Ex. 5. (B) Complete the following sentences with the adjectives made by adding the right suffixes to the italicized nouns.

Model: The play was full of humour. The audience laughed at the humorous situations. 1 . The child obeys his parents. He is an____ child. 2. The Sun was shining brightly. Itwas a ______ day. 3. Everybody respected the man. He is a _______man. 4. Bob hardly escaped the danger. The situation was very_______ . 5. Olaf hoped to earn fame for his book. Did he hope to become_______ ? 6. He sleeps on a bench in the park because he has no home. He is ______ . 7. The flood in India was a disaster. It was very______ . 8. The soldier was given a medal for his courage. He was_________ .

Ex. 6. (B) Supply the right adjective forms. The first sentence has been done for you.

1.The coast line is not regular in shape. Itis quite irregular.

2.This arrangement isn’t strictly legal. Some people would regard it as____________.

3.It is not possible. Don’t ask me to do the___________ .

4.Such a situation is barely imaginable. It’s quite__________ .

5.Bob’s not very capable. He’s _________ of making sound decisions.

6.I doubt she is literate. She can’t read or write. She is an______________ person.

7.This scheme isn’t very practical. Infact, it’s quite__________ .

8.I can’t trust him. He is not always honest. He is said to be_____________ .

Ex. 7. (B) Rewrite the following sentences using compound adjectives.

1.The car costs twentythousand dollars. Itis a twentv-thousand-dollarcar.

2.The woman is seventy years old. She’s ______________ .

3.The trip lasted two days. It was_________________ .

4.The farm is eighty hectares. It’s ____________________ .

5.The baby is three months old. It is a __________ .

6.The parcel weighs two kilos. It’s ____________________ .

7.The jar contains three litres. It’s _____________________.

8.I live not far from the University. Ittakes me 10minutes to walk there. Itis________

9.The fence is twenty miles. It’s _____________________ .

10.The road is seventy kilometres. It’s ____________________ .

Ex. 8. (B) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate adjective made by adding suffixes “-ed”, "-ful”, “-ent” (“-ant”), “-able” to the noun or to the verb.

Model: 1.	I need paper with lines for it.	d>	Couldyou getmesomelinedpaper, please?
2.	He helped them.	d>	He was very helpful.
3.	Children depend on their parents. d>		They are dependent on their parents.
4.	I’mgoing to wash my new dress.		I hope it’s washable.

237

a)1 . Mrs Bosch had stripes on her skirt. She was wearing a _____ blouse to match. 2. This blouse has short sleeves, but I prefer a long________ one. 3. Give me all the details, I need a _______description. 4. There were crowds of people in the streets. The streets were_____ . 5. She was in a hurry, that’s why we had a _____ talk.

b)1. I doubt if he was right. His story is very_________ 2. She always cheers other people up. She is such a ________person herself. 3. Ann is such a beauty. She resembles her___mother.

c)1. This show differs from all the other shows I’ve seen this year. It’s so___________ . 2. Mr Bogart has a lot of confidence in all he says and does. He is such a ________

person. 3. She likes independence. She is so_____________ .

d)1 . My friend enjoys driving, he found it an____ experience. 2. You can rely on Peter, he is such a ________person. 3. I wish I could agree with you, but it’s difficult to be

2. WORD ORDER: ADJECTIVE + NOUN

Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together:

□ There was a beautiful large round wooden table in the kitchen.

Adjectives likenew/large/round/wooden arefact adjectives. They give us objective information about age, size, colour, etc. Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what someone thinks of something.

OPINION ADJECTIVES GO BEFORE FACT ADJECTIVES
opinion	fact	noun
nice	sunny	day
delicious	hot	soup
an intelligent	young	man
beautiful	large round wooden	table

	WE PUT FACT ADJECTIVES IN THIS ORDER:
How big? o	How old? О	What	О	Where	О	What is it	О	NOUN
		colour?		from?		made of?
atall	young							man
big		blue						eyes
a small		black				plastic		bag
a large	old			French				armchair
	an old			Russian				song

238

1. Materials (nouns) behave like adjectives when we use them to form compound nouns: □ a shirt (noun) made of cotton (noun) a cotton shirt.

2. We can have three-word compound nouns. “Material” comes before “purpose” or “use”:

□ a clock made of plastic used in the kitchen				a plastic kitchen clock.
Adjectives ao in front of nouns.
We cannot separate a compound noun by an adjective:
□ a good plastic kitchen clock. (Not “a plastic good kitchen clock”).
SUMMARY:
opinion	size age shape	colour	from where		made of noun	noun
a wonderful	old	green	Chinese		handmade	carpet

EXERCISES_______________________________________

Ex. 1. (A, B) Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.

Example: a modern house (attractive) - an attractive modern house

1.a vounq qirl (prettv)

2.a handsome man (vounq)

3.a kitchen cupboard (oak)

4.brown baa (leather)

5.an American film (old)

6.bia eves (blue)

7.a cold dav(rainv)

8.a hot bath (nice)

9.an old coat (worn)

10.a red car (old/little)

11.a aold watch (small/antiaue)

12.a little villaae (old/lovelv)

13.Iona eve-lashes (black/thick)

14.an old mansion (stone/Enalish)

Ex. 2. (A, B) Make two-word and three-word nouns.

1.a dress made of silk - a silk dress.

2.railinas made of iron

3.a table used in the kitchen

4.a table made of plastic/used in the kitchen

Ex. 3. (В, C) You’re looking for items you want to buy. Begin each sentence with:

I’m looking for....

Model: polished - beautiful - wadrobe - oak - antique - French.

I'm looking for a beautiful antique polished French oak wardrobe.

1. sports car - well-maintained - second-hand - with a low mileage

239