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4.3. When describing the population of any country you may want to consider it

from the ethnic perspective. People belong to ethnic groups and regional

groups depending on the region where they live, e.g. Afro-Caribbeans,

Asians, Orientals and Latin Americans. Find the Russian equivalents to the

following world regions. Think of 1-2 countries that belong to each region.

What ethnic group do you belong to?

he Arctic The Far East

North America The Middle East

The Caribbean Asia

Latin (South) America The Pacific

The Atlantic North Africa

Scandinavia Central Africa

Europe Southern Africa

Australasia The Indian Ocean

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4.4. People in different regions speak different dialects as well as languages.

Everyone has a mother tongue (first language); many have second and

third languages. Some people are perfect in more than one language and

are bilingual or multilingual.

  1. Read how adjective referring to countries and languages are formed.

he Antarctic

With –ish: British Irish Flemish Turkish Spanish

With –(i)an: Canadian Brazilian American Russian Australian

With –ese: Japanese Chinese Guyanese Burmese Maltese Taiwanese

With –i: Iraqi Kuwaiti Pakistani Yemeni Bangladeshi

With –ic: Arabic Icelandic

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b) Form the adjectives from these geographical names.

pecial forms:French Greek Swiss Dutch

Scotland, Hungary, Argentine, Wales, Italy, Indonesia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Bulgaria, Poland, Ukraine, Mexico, Germany, Portugal, Congo

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4.5. Do the following World quiz.

. What are the main ethnic groups in Russia? The USA? Great Britain?

2. Which countries, strictly speaking, are located in Scandinavia?

3. What are the five countries with the highest population?

4. How many languages are there in the world?

5. Where is Kiribati?

6. Where do people speak Inuit?

7. What are the five most widely spoken languages?

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4.6. Explain the difference between the two adjectives in each of the following pairs.

Think of nouns that can be described with each of the adjectives.

a) Arab and Arabic

(b) Scottish and Scotch

(c) Oriental and Occidental

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4.7. A) Scan the text to find the names of the ethnic groups and languages of the

Russian Federation.

ussia has one of the widest varieties of ethnic groups in the world (over 160 ethnic groups according to 2002 All-Russian PopulationCensus), but ethnic Russians form the vast majority of the population (79.8%). In 2002 the non-Russian population constituted only 20% of the total, with the largest minority, the Tatars, making up only 3.8%. Ukrainians (2%), the Chuvash (1.1%), and Bashkirs (1.2%) are the only other minorities constituting more than 1% of the population. Other minorities include Chechens, Armenians, Mordovians, Belarusians, Germans, etc. Thirty-two ethnic groups have their own administrative territories. Thousands of people have left ethnic administrative territories in recent years. Although Birobijan (Jewish Autonomous Region) was originally created for the Jewish people of the Soviet Union, it has never been a major area of Jewish settlement; emigration in the post-Soviet era has caused its Jewish population to become even smaller.

The Russian language is the country’s official language and it is the most commonly spoken in business, government, and education. Ethnic Russians speak their native tongue almost exclusively, though most Russians living in the areas of other ethnic groups can speak the ethnic language as well. People belonging to other nationalities and ethnic groups are bilingual. More than 100 languages are spoken in Russia. Some of the ethnic republics have declared official regional languages, but millions of non-Russians have adopted Russian as their mother tongue. Among the most bilingual are the Ingush people.

During the Soviet era the Soviet government helped many smaller ethnic groups develop their own alphabets and vocabularies. At the same time the USSR’s educational policies ensured widespread use of the Russian language.

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b) Find the words and expressions in the text that mean the same.

ost of the people or things; a group of people of a different race or religion than most people in the country; language; an official count of all the people in a country; able to speak two languages equally well; to start to use a particular method, language, etc.

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