Урология - Symptoms and syndroms
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Bacteriuria
Bacteria in urine.
True (>10^5 in 1 ml) False (<10^4 per 1 ml)
Changes of sperm
Aspermatism – the inability to secrete or ejaculate semen.
Aspermia - is the complete lack of semen
Azoospermia - complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate.
Akinospermia – immobility of spermatozoons in sperm
Haemospermia – presence of erytrocytes in ejaculate.
Necrospermia - a condition in which the spermatozoa of the semen are either motionless or dead
Pyospermia - pus in the semen (leycocytes >
than 10 in a field)
Methods of examination
General – questioning, examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation.
Laboratory – blood analysis, urinalysis, cytololgy, examination of uretral discharges
Instrumental – cateterisation of vesical bladder, biopsy.
Endoscopic – cystoscopy, chromocystoscopy.
Methods of examination (continuation)
Plain X-ray
Excretory urography
Retrograde ureteropyelography
Cystography.
Uretrography
Computer tomography
3D CT
Laboratory examinations
Blood count:
1.Hypochromic anaemia may occur in association with chronic pyelonephritis, uremia and carcinoma.
2.Leucocytosis is a feature of majority pyogenic infections of the kidney. In tuberculosis of the kidney there will be increased lymphocytes in the blood and there will be increased ESR.
3.Erythrocytosis has been seen in association with carcinoma, simple cyst and hydronephrosis.
Examinations of the urine:
1.Microscopic examination.- of the sediment may reveal white cells, red cells, pus cells, crystal and casts. Finding of bacteria in a stained smear means there are at least 10000 organisms per ml and this is pathognomonic of infection.
2.Cultures for bacteria.- Culture and sensitivity test is significant not only to know the type of bacteria, but also to know the sensitivity of the bacteria to particular antibiotic.
3. Biochemical examinations – for electrolytes,
glucose, bilirubin and haemoglobin are essential. Analysis of 24-hours specimen of urine is especially useful in the investigation of calculus disease to find out abnormal excretion of oxalate, uric acid, calcium and other products of metabolism.
Netchiporenco’s test
Revealing of blood cells (leucocytes, eritrocytes, cylinders) in 1 ml of middle portion of morning urine.
Normal indexesleucocytes – less than 2000, eritrocytes – less than 1000, cylinders absent or less than 20.
Kakovsky-Addis test
Quantitative method of urinalysis. Counting the amount of leucolytes, erytrocytes and cylinders in all volumed of urine per 10-12 hours.
Normal ranges leucocytes less than 2000000, erytrocytes less than 1000000, cylinders less than 2000