Урология - Symptoms and syndroms

Cystoscopy

Cystoscopes can be used in 3 types:

1.Visualising cystoscope

2.Operating cystoscope (excision of a small polyp or tumour)

3.Catherising cystoscope, by which ureteric catheters can be introduced through ureteric opening

Scheme of the vesical bladder

Main topographic reference points: air bladder at 12 hours at the upper part, at the bottom triangle of bladder formed by left and right ureteral orifices ( 5 and 7 hours) plica interureterica and a border of vesical cervix is situated

Orifice of the ureter

The rounded form of the ureteral orifice results from the ringshaped structure of muscles of locking apparatus of ureter.

Slit-like ureteral orifice

Variant of normal ureteral orifice resulting from deep location of ureteral sphincter.

Acute cystitis

Separate spots of hyperemia, partially merged somewhere vessels are dilated and visible.

Tuberculous cystitis

Tubercle. Left ureteral orifice is oedematous and reddish. Down from the orifice there are miliary tubercules against a backgroun of spots of hyperemia.

Bleeding ureteral orifice

Urine going out from the orifice is colored with blood.

Cateterisation of an ureteral orifice ( first step)

Catheter is in the field ofcystoscope vision. Than cystoscope is moving forward in the catheter is introdused to the orifice.