- •Contents
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Master’s Degree and Programs in Russia
- •6 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition.
- •7. Compose the phrases concerning your Master’s program by choosing words and expressions from each column. Mind the grammar rules.
- •9. Ask and answer the following questions:
- •10. Read and translate the beginning of the dialogue between former groupmates. Make your own one. Use the questions from the previous exercise.
- •Master’s Program
- •1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary.
- •2. Give Russian equivalents to the following word-combinations from the text below. Pay special attention to the prepositions in bold.
- •3. Read and translate the text. Give Russians equivalents to the phrases underlined. Master’s Degree and Careers in Chemistry
- •4. Discuss possible business prospect and benefits as well as disadvantages of taking Master Degree courses. Use the information in the texts and any ideas of your own. Work in pairs.
- •2. Read and translate the text, and tell what possibilities conferences open for. Research and Practice Conferences
- •How to Make a Scientific or Technical Presentation
- •1. Put the phrases into the appropriate column.
- •2. Read the introduction of the presentation and put these phrases into the correct order.
- •3. Make your own introductory part to your presentation.
- •5. Study the following information carefully and use it for your next presentations.
- •7. Fill in the gaps using words/phrases from the list. Some words/phrases can be used more than once.
- •Visual Aids
- •8. Read and take into account the recommendations in the table. PowerPoint Presentation Guidelines
- •Nanodiamond-Polymer Composite Fibers and Coatings
- •10. Read and translate the short fragments which were not included in the presentation. Look through the text of presentation again and unite each fragment with the appropriate part of presentation.
- •9. Make your own presentation. Then look through it again and answer the questions concerning:
- •I. Individual Component and Originality
- •II. Content
- •III. Visual Aids
- •1. Read the text of writing an abstract and answer the following questions.
- •Writing an Abstract
- •3. Here are some other points to keep in mind about abstracts. Read and translate them.
- •4. Read the summary and decide
- •Geochemical features of natural waters of western siberia: microelement composition
- •5. Look through the previous summary again and say what the words in bold serve for. Analyze all the verbal forms underlined.
- •Ratio of oxidized and reduced forms of noble metals in the priamurye region.
- •7. Put the parts of the English sentences into correct word-order. Использование продуктов переработки нефти. Utilization / products / treatment/ oil/
- •8. Choose the appropriate grammar form in brackets for the verbs underlined. Select linking words (variants are possible) for the words in bold. Translate into English.
- •9. Translate these word-combinations into Russian. To avoid frequent use of the preposition of, use noun/attribute chains.
- •Section III high-tech chemistry
- •1. Memorize all the meanings of these words.
- •2. Some modern terms derived from two words, for example, the term durability derived from the words “during” and “ability”. Analyze and try to translate the terms without a dictionary.
- •3. Pay special attention to the translation of the attribute chains:
- •4. Analyze the attribute chains in the table below and translate them:
- •5. Translate these word-combinations.
- •6. Why do they do it? Match a with b.
- •7. Give an advice to help these persons. Work in pairs.
- •8. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay special attention to the functions of the Infinitive and try to give all possible variants of translation.
- •9. Answer the following questions before reading the text “The Science and Technology of Composite Materials”.
- •10. Read and translate the text. Match the phrases underlined with their equivalents below:
- •The Science and Technology of Composite Materials
- •11. Which of the following is not true? Correct the false statements.
- •12. Say the same using the Infinitives to shorten the phrases.
- •Metal Matrix Composite
- •14. Answer the question to the text Metal Matrix Composite:
- •15. Look through the text Metal Matrix Composite again. Choose the keywords and write a short abstract (no more than 100 words).
- •1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary.
- •2. Give English equivalents to the following word-combinations:
- •3. Read and translate the article. Choose the best title from those given below:
- •4. Read these phrases and combine them as additional ones with the appropriate passages.
- •5. Look through the article again and
- •6. Describe the facts using the verbs state, think, know, learn, consider, find, believe, expect, etc. Report in Complex Subject or Complex Object or use subordinate clause.
- •7. Make a short review of this article.
- •Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
- •8. Read and translate the sentences. Say what things (facts) are set against and which ones are approved. Use the word-combinations underlined in the “For and Against” discussion.
- •9. Webquest. Use the Internet and find the information about modern investigations in «Nanoscience». Be ready to put it briefly in the group. Here are some possible items to consider.
- •Appendix II passive voice: When to Use It and When to Avoid It
- •Appendix III Conference. Submission Form
- •Bibliography
- •625003, Г. Тюмень, ул. Семакова, 10
12. Say the same using the Infinitives to shorten the phrases.
Model: If the processing requires to force out any air bubbles from the moulded mass engineers can apply pressure. – Pressure can be applied to force out any air bubbles / engineers can apply pressure to force out air bubbles from the moulded mass)
1. If the processing requires to force out any air bubbles from the molten mass engineers can apply pressure. 2. The main target of specialists is to produce composite materials with unique properties. That’s why they make different materials work together. 3. The matrix material for specific purposes must be softened and only then it can be shaped with tools. 4. If we want to repair such a composite it can be softened by suitable solvents. 5. The properties of composites are to meet specific requirements, so technologists try to tailor some of them. 6. One of the numerous tasks is to create the composite sheet which is very strong in one direction. Specialists manage it by aligning the fibres in a certain direction. 7. If the composite is to be exposed to high temperatures ceramics is often used for this purpose. 8.Technologists are to choose an appropriate combination of reinforcement and matrix material if they need that material would fit exactly the requirements for a particular purpose.
13. Read and translate the text. Make the list of the valuable composite materials and properties specialists managed to develop for advanced uses. Decide which part of the text is possible to title as:
a) The composition of metal matrix composite
b) Reinforcement and its types
c) The types of manufacturing and forming methods
d) Matrix
e) The application of the metal matrix composites
f) The definition of a metal matrix composite
Metal Matrix Composite
1. A metal matrix composite (MMC) is a type of composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal. The other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite. An MMC is complementary to cermet.
2. Each part of the material is either the matrix or a reinforcement. The reinforcement surface can be coated to prevent a chemical reaction with the matrix.
3. The matrix is the "frame" into which the reinforcement is embedded, and is completely continuous. This means that there is a path through the matrix to any point in the material, unlike two materials sandwiched together. The matrix is usually a lighter metal such as aluminum, magnesium or titanium and provides a compliant support for the reinforcement.
4. The reinforcement material is embedded into the matrix. The reinforcement does not always serve a purely structural task (reinforcing the compound), but is also used to change physical properties such as wear resistance, friction coefficient or thermal conductivity. The reinforcement can be either continuous or discontinuous.
Discontinuous MMCs are isotropic and can be worked with standard metalworking techniques.
Continuous reinforcement uses monofilament wires or fibers such as carbon fiber or silicon carbide. Because the fibers are embedded into the matrix in a certain direction, the result is an anisotropic structure in which the alignment of the material affects its strength. One of the first MMCs used boron filament as reinforcement. Discontinuous reinforcement uses "whiskers", short fibers, or particles.
5. MMC manufacturing can be broken into three types: solid, liquid and vapor.
Solid type implies powder blending and consolidation when powdered metal and discontinuous reinforcement are mixed and then bonded through a process of compaction, air extraction and heating (possibly via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or extruding). Foil diffusion bonding is the type manufacture in the processing of which layers of metal foil are sandwiched with long fibers, and then melted through to form a matrix.
Liquid type in turn is divided into stir casting. Stir casting employs discontinuous reinforcement stirred into molten metal which is allowed to solidify. Another liquid types include squeeze casting (molten metal is injected into a form with fibers preplaced inside it) and spray deposition (molten metal is sprayed onto a continuous fiber substrate). Recently due to advanced technologies one more promising method has appeared. It’s reactive processing when a chemical reaction occurs with one of the reactants forming the matrix and the other the reinforcement.
Physical vapor deposition is one of the latest methods. The fiber is passed through a thick cloud of vaporized metal, coating it.
6. MMCs are always more expensive than the more conventional materials they are replacing. As a result, they are found where improved properties and performance can justify the added cost (aircraft components, space systems, "boutique" sports equipment). Today these applications are found most often in. Thus the F-16 Fighting Falcon uses monofilament silicon carbide fibres in a titanium matrix for a structural component of the jet's landing gear. Modern high-performance sport cars, such as those built by Porsche, use rotors made of carbon fiber within a silicon carbide matrix because of its high specific heat and thermal conductivity. A preformed aluminum matrix insert for strengthening cast aluminum disc brake calipers, allows them to weigh as much as 50% less while increasing stiffness.
It goes without saying that military industry engineers employ all the properties to improve military technique. Some tank armors may be made from metal matrix composites, probably steel reinforced with boron nitride. Boron nitride is a good reinforcement for steel because it is very stiff and it does not dissolve in molten steel. Carbide drills are often made from a soft cobalt matrix with tough tungsten carbide particles inside. The scope of applications will certainly increase as manufacturing costs are reduced.
Notes to the text:
1. to embed – укладывать, укреплять
2. compliant – податливый
3. filament – нитевидное волокно
5. squeeze casting – литье под давлением