Earthquakes

When an earthquake occurs, part of the Earth's surface moves. In fact, the surface of the Earth moves all the time. The tectonic plates which make up the surface press against each other very slowly. Over thousands of years, this movement creates great stress. In some places where the layers of rock are weak, this eventually causes a sudden movement - an earthquake. Thousands of earthquakes happen every day, but most are very small and cause no damage. A large earthquake shakes buildings to the ground, or causes a tsunami wave. The effects are usually very serious.

Severe earthquakes are common in southern Europe, and on 1 November 1755 a powerful earthquake hit the city of Lisbon in Portugal. Between 60,000 and 100,000 people died. After the earthquake a tsunami struck the city, and there was also a fire, which caused nearly total destruction. People as far away as Finland felt the shock, and the tsunami reached Barbados in the West Indies. Geologists now believe that the strength of the earthquake was as high as 9 on the Richter scale. This is the same strength as the Indian Ocean earthquake of 26 December 2004.

1. What ___________________________________________________________________?

Part of the Earth’s crust moves when an earthquake occurs.

2. What ___________________________________________________________________?

The movement of tectonic plates creates this stress.

3. How many ______________________________________________________________?

Thousands happen every day.

4. What ___________________________________________________________________?

It shakes buildings or causes a tsunami wave.

5. When __________________________________________________________________?

On 1 November 1755.

6. How many ______________________________________________________________?

Between 60,000 and 100,000.

7. In which distant country ___________________________________________________?

In Finland.

8. What ___________________________________________________________________?

That the strength of the earthquake was as high as 9 on the Richter scale.

Answers to ex.17.

1 B; 2 A; 3 A; 4 B; 5 C; 6 C; 7 C; 8 A; 9 B; 10 B

Consolidation

Unit 1

Active vocabulary list

Approach – подход; приближение

To approach – подходить, приближаться; граничить

Arrogant – заносчивый, высокомерный, надменный

Arrogance – заносчивость, высокомерие, надменность

ex.: He had the arrogance to ask for more money. — И у него хватило наглости просить еще денег.

Challenge – трудная, но интересная задача; вызов

To accept / meet / respond to / take up a challenge – принять вызов

To challenge – ставить под сомнение; бросать вызов

Challenging – требующий напряжения (сил); испытывающий (способности, стойкость)

To consider – полагать, считать; обдумывать; рассматривать, обсуждать

Considerable – значительный, важный, существенный; большой

Consideration – размышление, обсуждение, рассмотрение, разбор

To take into consideration – принимать во внимание

Decent – подходящий; приличный, благопристойный

Decency – благопристойность, приличие; вежливость

To observe the decencies – соблюдать приличия, правила хорошего тона

To define – определять (напр. значение слова), давать определение (какому-либо понятию)

Definition – определение, формулирование, дефиниция

To give definition to sth– дать определение

Expense – затрата, расход

At the expense of sth/ sb – ценой чего-то, за счет чего-то/ кого-то

To reduce expenses – сократить расходы

To cover expenses – покрыть расходы

Eye-opener – шокирующей разоблачение, откровение

ex.: Her confession was a real eye-opener – Ее признание было для нас настоящим откровением.