- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
Tooth development
Before a human embryo is 3 weeks old, the stomodeum has been established. The primitive mouth is lined with ectoderm, beneath which is mesenchyme. The ectoderm gives rise to the oral epithelium, and the mesenchyme becomes the underlying connective tissue.
Odontogenesis is the name given to the origin and tissue formation of the teeth. Not all teeth start development at the same time. A tooth is formed from ectoderm and ectomesenchyme. Ectomesenchyme is derived from neural crest cells. Development begins with the formation of the primary dental lamina, extending along the jaws on a line where the teeth will later appear.
Concurrently with the development of primary dental lamina, at 10 places in the mandibular and at 10 places in the maxillary arch some cells of the dental lamina multiply and 10 little knobs of epithelial cells are formed on the dental lamina in each jaw. Each of these knob-shaped structures is an early enamel organ. It is the beginning of the tooth germ of a primary tooth. A tooth germ is derived from two embryonic tissues: the part that develops from the dental lamina originate from ectoderm and the remaining parts originate from mesenchyme underlining ectoderm.
As the dental lamina enlarges, the enamel organ acquires the shape of a cap. By the 8th week in utero this cap formation is seen in the enamel organs of the deciduous incisor tooth germs. The connective tissue inside the cap undergoes a number of changes and becomes the dental papilla. The connective tissue beneath the dental papilla becomes fibrous and encircles the papilla forming the dental sac.
The crown and the root of the tooth grow as the result of the deposition of new layers of enamel and dentin on previously formed layers. When the final size of the enamel crown has been attained, the enamel-forming cells disappear and further formation of enamel is impossible.
The fetus derives its mineral from mother through placenta. That’s why the dentin formed in utero is always of a more homogenous texture and more mineralized than that laid down postnatally. In the young child, the pulp cavity is quite large relative to amount of dentin already formed. For this reason, capping of teeth may be delayed for several years until the formation of the dentin has been completed. So the infant is fully dependent on the mineral obtained through ingestion.
Translation
The Teeth
A tooth may be divided into crown and root, the crown being covered by enamel and the root by cementum. The two surfaces meet at the cement-enamel junction which is visible as the cervical line on the neck of the tooth. In the healthy mouth of a young adult, the level of gingival attachment will be coronal to the cervical line. The anatomical crown ends at the cervical line. Variations in clinical crown length are often produced by different levels of gingival attachment to the tooth and are seen in patients suffering from gingival recession and hence showing increased clinical crown length. Short clinical crowns are seen in the teeth that have worn excessively, commonly due to bruxism, or where teeth have been worn down by attrition.
Incisors and canines have four axial surfaces converging in an incisal edge. Premolars and molars have five surfaces, the incisal edge being replaced by an occlusal surface. The surface of the crown shows many elevations and depressions which make up the typical appearance of the tooth. The following terms are used in the description of crown anatomy:
Cusps: an elevation or mound on the occlusal surface.
Cingulum: the lingual convex bulge on an anterior tooth.
Tubercle: a small elevation on some part of the crown produced by an extra formation of enamel and dentine. These are quite frequently seen buccally on deciduous first molars (the tubercle of Zuckerkandl) and lingually on upper first molars (the cusp of Carabelli).
Ridge: a linear elevation on the surface of a tooth. A good example is the marginal ridge found on the mesial and distal surfaces of molars and premolars.
Fissure: an irregular linear depression in the tooth surface. A pit is a small pinpoint depression.
Developmental groove: a developmental deformity in the crown and/or root of a tooth. This type of defect will encourage the formation of a periodontal pocket, particularly when it involves the root, because dental plaque will collect there undisturbed. Grooves are sometimes seen on permanent upper lateral incisors, especially on palatal surfaces.
Mamelon: any one of the three rounded protuberances found on the incisal edges of recently erupted anterior teeth. Mamelons wear away quickly, usually within two years of eruption.
Facet: a small, smooth, flat surface seen on the occlusal aspect of the crown indicating an abnormal pattern of wear on the enamel.
Perikymata: seen commonly on recently erupted incisors as a series of horizontal redges running parallel to the incisal edge and quite often affecting the whole of the labial surface of the crown.
Speaking
Discuss the way the tooth structures are influenced by the specificity of their development and interaction.
Unit V. Human dentition
Lead-in
The section is devoted to a process common for all people – eruption of teeth and the development of human dentition. If this process is common for all of us, does it proceed similarly in all the humans? Why do mothers worry about the eruption of their child’s teeth? Do the peculiarities of teeth eruption influence the state of oral health in adulthood? Try to find the answers to these questions working on this section.
Reading
1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.
dentition прорезывание или denture ряд зубов
рост зубов permanent постоянный
deciduous временный molar моляр, коренной зуб
temporary временный premolar премоляр, малый
mesial line срединная линия коренной зуб
incisor резец bicuspid малый коренной зуб,
cuspid клык, каспид премоляр
canine клык succedaneous замещающий
2. Read and translate the following word combinations:
temporary teeth, central incisors, lateral incisors, cuspids, first molars, second molars, mesial line, permanent denture, premolar, upper and lower jaw
3. Translate the words with the same root:
- dent, to dent, dental, dentine, dentist, dentistry, dentition, denture;
- to incise, incision, incisive, incisor, incised wound, incisive bone;
- cusp, cuspid, cuspidal, cuspidate(d), bicuspid;
- centre, central, centrals, centralization;
- to erupt, eruption, eruptive
4. Give synonyms to the following words:
deciduous, succedaneous, canines, bicuspids, teething, incisive teeth, denture, upper jaw, lower jaw
5. Read and translate the text.