- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system
- •Mind the pronunciation:
- •Descriptive words for the heart murmurs:
- •Descriptive words for the arterial pulse:
- •Descriptive words for the heart sounds:
- •Ex. 7. Match the proper meaning of the words and their definitions:
- •Ex. 8. Read and translate into Russian:
- •Grammar
- •Pericarditis
- •Cardiovascular Diseases
- •Endocarditis
- •Angina Pectoris
- •Case: Chest Pain
- •What are the most common kinds of heart disease?
- •Effects of Myocardial Hypoxia
- •Hypertension
- •Renitec
- •Indications.
- •3. Express the main idea of the text in several sentences. Congenital heart disease
- •Rheumatic Fever and the Heart
- •2. Say which statements are false.
- •3. Which information in the text you didn’t know?
- •4. Retell the text using the true statements.
- •Coronary artery disease
- •1. Study the text “Pericarditis”. Read the passage dealing with the etiology of disease and express its content in 3-4 sentences.
- •2. Find and translate in a written form the passage dealing with the inspection of patients suffering pericarditis.
- •3. Convey the main idea of the text using the following models:
- •Pericarditis
- •Texts for listening comprehension
- •Blue Color (cyanosis)
- •Dizziness
- •Fatigue
- •Heart Rate Changes
- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract
- •0 2 And co 2 transport and internal respiration.
- •Grammar
- •Common Respiratory Disorders
- •Characterizing Percussion Sounds
- •Radiography
- •Common symptoms of the diseases of the respiratory tract
- •Patients with diseases of the respiratory system
- •Acute Pharyngitis
- •Laryngitis
- •Bronchitis Acute
- •Bronchial asthma
- •Pleurisy
- •Pneumonia
- •Lung Cancer
- •Tuberculosis
- •Test yourself
- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal tract
- •How to Get Patients to Describe Abdominal Pain
- •Common digestive disorders
- •Gastritis
- •Chronic and Acute Gastritis
- •Ulcer Peptic (Duodenal)
- •Peptic Ulcer
- •Indigestion (Dyspepsia)
- •Gastroenteritis
- •Gastric Carcinoma
- •Carcinoma of the Stomach
- •Cancer Esophagus
- •Maalox Suspension
- •Texts for listening comprehension
- •Weight Loss
- •Nausea and Vomiting
- •Neoplasm
- •Test yourself
- •Reviewing Anatomy and Physiology
- •1.) Make up questions to ask about patient`s complaints.
- •2.) Dramatize the dialogue.
- •Assessing for Gallbladder Disease
- •Hepatitis - Viral
- •Cholecystitis-Acute
- •Cholecystitis
- •Acute Cholecystitis
- •Cholelithiasis and Related Disorders
- •Viral Hepatitis
- •Cirrhosis and Fibrosis
- •Fatty Liver
- •Test yourself
- •Contents
0 2 And co 2 transport and internal respiration.
Circulating blood delivers 02 to the cells of the body for metabolism and transports metabolic wastes and C0 2 from the tissues back to the lungs. When oxygenated arterial blood reaches tissue capillaries, 0 2 diffuses from the blood into the cells again because of an oxygen tension gradient. The amount of 02 available is determined by the concentration of hemoglobin (the principal carrier of 02), the percent 02 saturation of the hemoglobin, regional blood flow, arterial oxygen content, and cardiac output.
Internal (cellular) respiration occurs as a part of cellular metabolism, which can take place with 02 (aerobic) or without O2 (anaerobic). The most efficient method for providing fuel (high-energy compounds such as adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) for cellular reactions is aerobic metabolism, which produces C02 and water in addition to ATP. Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient because a cell produces only a limited amount of ATP and yields lactic acid as well as C02 as a metabolic by-product.
Because circulation is continuous, CO2 does not normally accumulate in tissues. CO2 produced during cellular respiration diffuses from tissues to regional capillaries and is transported by systemic venous circulation. When C02 reaches the alveolar capillaries, it diffuses into the alveoli, where the partial pressure of C02 is lower; C02 is removed from the alveoli during exhalation.
PART I
List of words to be learned
chill [t∫il] – n, озноб;
congestion [kәn'dʒest∫ən] – n, закупорка, застой;
coryza [kɔ`raizә] – n, ринит, острый насморк;
cough [ko:f] – n, кашель;
crackle ['krækl] – n, потрескивание, хруст;
crepitation [,krepi'tei∫әn] – n, хрипы;
dyspnea [dis'pni:ə] – n, одышка;
effusion [i'fju:ʒn] – n, кровоизлияние, потеря крови;
emphysema [,emfi'si:mә] – n, эмфизема;
fever ['fi:və] – n, лихорадка;
hacking ['hækiŋ] – n, покашливание;
haemoptysis [hi:`mә'ptəsis] – n, кровохаркание;
hoarse [hɔ:s] - adj, хриплый, охрипший;
moist [moist] – adj, влажный;
râle [ra:l] – n, хрип;
sneeze [sni:z] – v, чихать;
tachypnea ['tækipniә] – n, тахипноэ, частое дыхание;
wheezing ['wi:ziŋ] – n, одышка;
Mind the pronunciation.
asthma ['æsmə:]
bronchitis [brɔŋ'kaitis]
laryngitis [ֽlærin'dʒaitis]
pharyngitis [ֽfærin'dʒaitis]
pleurisy ['pluərəsi]
pneumonia [nju: 'mouniə]
tonsillitis [ֽtɔnsi'laitis]
tuberculosis [tju:,bә:kju'lousis]
Ex.1. Make up word-combinations and translate them:
costal
shallow (поверхностное)
deep
coarse (harsh) жесткое
respiration slow
(breathing) hard (затрудненное)
artificial
normal (adequate)
irregular
soft
vesicular
moist/ wet/ productive
barking ( лающий)
troublesome (мучительный) pus ( гной)
constant cough of
dry/ nonproductive mucus
hacking (покашливание)
bronchial
moist
dry râles
coarse (жесткие)
crackling (крепитирующие,трескучие)
colorless
watery
thick
thin analysis
viscous sputum
bloody culture
mucoid
purulent
foul smelling (отвратительный)
Ex.2. Give the synonyms:
moist to evaluate
chill respiration
normal persistent
crackle cold
inspire wet
breath perspiration
sweating shivering
coryza inhale
constant adequate
to assess crepitation
Ex.3. Give the antonyms:
moist exhale
thick irregular
watery shallow
inhale natural
productive dry
inspire thin
deep viscous
artificial expire
regular nonproductive
Ex.4. Match the following English word-combinations with the Russian ones:
depth of breathing сильный озноб
breath-holding ночное потоотделение
apnea испытывать нехватку воздуха
disturbance of respiration частота дыхания
respiratory arrest глубина дыхания
respiratory rate задержка дыхания
to be short of breath угнетенное дыхание
night sweating остановка дыхания
shaking chill расстройство дыхания
Ex.5. Give English equivalents to:
Покашливание, влажные хрипы, охрипший голос, жесткое дыхание, вдыхать пыль, цианоз лица, глотать с трудом, прочистить горло, поверхностное дыхание, лающий кашель, гнойная мокрота
Ex.6. Read and translate the words and their derivatives:
Breath [breθ] – breathe [bri:ð] – breathing – breathless;
inhale – inhaler – inhalation – inhalant;
accumulate – accumulation – accumulative – accumulator;
inspire – inspiration – inspirator – inspiratory;
hoarse – hoarseness – hoarsen – hoarsely;
expire – expiring – expiry – expiration;
Ex.7. Read and translate the terms and their definitions:
dyspnea [dis'pni:ə] - n, difficulty or pain in breathing
coryza [kɔ`raizә] - n, an illness with inflammation of the nasal passages, in which someone sneezes and coughs and has blocked and running nose =cold, common cold;
chill [t∫il] - n, a short illness causing a feeling of being cold and shivering, usually the sign of the beginning of a fever, of flu or a cold;
cough [ko:f] - n, a reflex action, caused by irritation in the throat, when the glottis is opened and air is sent out of the lungs suddenly;
râle [ra:l] - n = сrepitation, an unusual soft crackling sound heard in the lungs through a stethoscope;
sneezing ['sni:ziŋ] - n, a reflex action to blow air suddenly out of the nose and mouth because of irritation in the nasal passages;
cyanosis [,saiә'nousis] - n, condition characterized by a blue color of the peripheral skin and mucous membranes, a symptom of lack of oxygen in the blood;
congestion [kәn'dʒest∫ən] - n, accumulation of blood in the organ: nasal congestion (застой);
emphysema [,emfi'si:mә] - n, a condition in which the walls of alveoli of lungs break down, reducing the surface available for gas exchange;
effusion [i'fju:ʒn] - n, discharge of blood, fluid or pus into or out of an internal cavity;
haemoptysis [,hi:mә'ptəsis] - n, a condition in which someone coughs blood from the lungs, caused by a serious illness such as anaemia, pneumonia, tuberculosis or cancer;
wheezing [`wi:ziŋ] - n, whistling noises in the bronchi when breathing.
Ex.8. Match the diseases with their descriptions:
Bronchitis, lung abscess, pneumonia, laryngitis, bronchial asthma, pleurisy.
1. Change in the voice that makes it more harsh or coarse.
2. Inflammation of the lining surrounding and covering the lungs.
3. Acute inflammation of the trachiobronchial tube (air passage).
4. Lung infection caused by any of a variety of bacteria.
5. A type of asthma mainly caused by an allergen or by exertion.
6. Lung infection accompanied by pus accumulation and tissue destruction.
Ex. 9. Complete the sentences. Translate them.
1. The most common diseases of the upper respiratory tract are (фарингит, тонзиллит, ларингит).
2. The most typical symptoms of diseases of the upper respiratory tract are found to be (кашель, насморк, боль в горле, жар, охриплость, потеря голоса).
3. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are (острые и хронические инъекции, новообразования, астма).
4. Symptoms and signs of the lower respiratory tract diseases are likely to be (высокая температура, кашель, нарушение дыхания, слабость, одышка, кровохаркание).
5. Bronchial asthma is characterized by attack of wheezing dyspnea due to (спазматического сужения бронхов, отека слизистой оболочки и отделения слизи).
6. These attacks are brought on by a variety of factors including (аллергию на домашнюю пыль и пыльцу (pollen), инфекции дыхательных путей, эмоциональное перенапряжение и физические нагрузки)
7. There appears to be an absolute cause and effect relationship (между курением и раком легких).
8. (Хронический кашель, затрудненное дыхание, пневмония) are possible signs of moderately advanced lung cancer.
9. In the last stages there is (боль в груди, потеря веса, затруднение при глотании, наличие жидкости в грудной полости).
Ex.10. Translate into English.
1. Патогенез хронического бронхита определяется воздействием на слизистую оболочку различного рода раздражителей.
2. Они могут быть физическими (воздух), химическими, инфекционными (вирусы, бактерии) и механическими (пыль).
3. Больные жалуются на слабость, дискомфорт за грудиной и кашель.
4. Хронический бронхит протекает в виде рецидивов.
5. Кашель, возникающий при физической нагрузке, наводит на мысль о митральном пороке сердца.
6. Весьма характерным симптомом острой пневмонии является гиперемия лица в сочетании с цианозом носа и губ.
7. Цианоз и одышка обусловлены дыхательной недостаточностью вследствие ухудшения газообмена в воспаленном легком.
8. Клиника бронхопневмонии характеризуется постепенным началом, температурой без озноба, умеренной одышкой, отсутствием болей и цианоза.
9. Бронхиальная астма – хроническое заболевание бронхолегочной системы, обусловленное нарушениями иммунитета и характеризующимися бронхостазмом.
10. Загрязнение атмосферы газами и пылью, все более широкое использование органических синтетических веществ (лаки, клеи) в быту, неумеренное потребление лекарств резко повысило аллергический фон населения.
11. Отмечается рост заболеваемости бронхиальной астмой у детей.
12. Опухоли легких встречаются у 1,5 – 2% всего населения. В городах частота рака выше. Пик заболеваемости приходится на возраст 65-74 года. Мужчины болеют в 8-10 раз чаще (по-видимому, разница объясняется влиянием курения).