История газет

In 59 BC in Rome a daily gazette called Acta Diurna (Daily Events) was published. The Acta Diurna was written in manuscript. There were social and political events: elections, public appointments, government edicts, treaties, trials and executions, military news, births, marriages and deaths in it. A similar approach to publishing news was undertaken in China from the 6th to the 20th century.

During the Middle Ages manuscript newsletters containing political and commercial information were circulated among the few people who could read.

In the 16th century an official newspaper was issued in Venice, which told(рассказывала – только какое здесь время правильно употребить?) about battles and other matters of public interest.

The first true newspapers were derived from commercial bulletins early in the 17th century. . These bulletins circulated among the merchants of port cities such as Antwerp and Venice, and they carried news brought back by ship captains and crews from distant places. Other countries also soon had their newspapers.

So, lets speak about British press, which has two distinct categories: 'broadsheets' and 'tabloids'. The 'quality papers', or 'broadsheets' is for the better educated readers. The 'popular papers', or 'tabloids', is to a much larger readership. They contain far less print than the broadsheets and far more pictures.

They use larger headlines and write in a simpler style of English. While the broadsheets devote much space to politics and other 'serious' news, the tabloids concentrate on 'human interest' stories, which often means sex and scandal! The broadsheets are twice as large as the tabloids.

Примеры: The Independent, The Guardian, The Times, The Sunday Times.

Now about USA press. Newspapers (daily, Sunday, weekly, etc.). Most daily newspapers are of the "quality" rather than the "popular" (that is, non-quality) variety. Among the twenty newspapers with the largest circulation only two or three regularly feature crime, sex, and scandal. The paper with the largest circulation, The Wall Street Journal, is a very serious newspaper indeed.All American newspapers and in general all periodicals are privately owned, controlled and managed. In addition to commercial ones, a large number of publications are produced by industrial organizations and churches, schools, clubs and other community bodies. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally, people buying one of the big city newspapers in addition to the smaller local ones. Примеры: The Wall Street Journal, (New York) Daily News, USA Today, Los Angeles Times.

В Беларуси пресса: daily, weekly, mohthly + general (total), specialized.

The united nations organisation

The United Nations Organization is central to global efforts to solve problems which challenge humanity. Cooperating in this effort are more than 30 affiliated organizations, known together as the UN system. Day in and day out the UN and its family of organizations work to promote respect for human rights, protect the environment, fight disease, foster development and reduce poverty. UN agencies define the standards for sale and efficient transport by air and sea, help improve telecommunications and enhance consumer protection, work to ensure respect for intellectual property rights and coordinate allocation of radio frequencies. The United Nations leads the international campaigns against drug trafficking and terrorism. Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies assist refugees and set up programs to clear landmines, help improve the quality of drinking water and expand food production, make loans to developing countries and help stabilize financial markets.

The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals 191 countries. The headquarters of the UNO are located in New York. All the documents are worked out and submitted for discussion and resolution in 5 languages: English, Russian, Spanish, French and Chinese.

When States become Members of the United Nations, they agree to accept the obligations of the UN Charter, an international treaty which sets out basic principles of international relations. According to the Charter, the UN has four main purposes:

to maintain international peace and security,

to develop friendly relations among nations,

to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights,

to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

The General Assembly

All UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly – a kind of parliament of nations which meets to consider the world’s most pressing problems. Each Member State has one vote. Decisions on “important matters”, such as international peace and security, admitting new members, the UN budget and the budget of peacekeeping, are decided by two-thirds majority. Other matters are decided by simple majority. In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through consensus, rather than by taking a formal vote.

At its session, the Assembly usually considers more than 170 different topics, including globalization, nuclear disarmament, development, protection of the environment and consolidation of new democracies. The Assembly cannot force action by any state, but its recommendations are an important indication of world opinion and represent the moral authority of the community of nations.

The Assembly holds an annual regular session from September to December.