Exercise 2

Analyse the order of clauses and say whether the position of the adverbial clause of cause joined by different conjunctions is free or fixed.

1. He killed her because she loved Sam du Plesis (Abrahams).

2. Write that you decline to support this scheme of hers, as you hold it to be a dishonest scheme (Wilde).

3. He had met a few – not so many as yet – nice people here, since he hadn’t been here so very long himself – four months all told (Dreiser).

4. She made no reply, for she rarely spoke husbanding her aged voice (Galsworthy).

5. Since she had locked her doors she had no further claim as a wife and he would console himself with other women (Galsworthy).

6. He looked suspiciously about him, for the men were conversing in groups, and he feared to be the subject of their talk (Dickens).

7. Mabel Chiltern: of cause, as you didn’t turn up this morning, I very nearly said yes (Wilde).

8. They did not say anything because they were asleep (Aldridge).

Exercise 3

Fill in the blanks with the conjunctions “because”, “for”, “since”, and “as”.

1. He refused to take money … he couldn’t give any guarantees that the treatment would help (Carter).

2. And … I am married and childless, I wish to adopt her during my life and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave (Bronte).

3. If the black Man had come alone, they would have protested and made loud remarks, but … there was a white man with him they did not know how to react (Abrahams).

4. They had come straight from the plants, … the hands that carried the roses were grimed with toil (Carter).

5. Her father, indeed, was always telling her that she only drank China tea … it was a fashion (Galsworthy).

6. All Chenkin’s relations – and they were numerous, … marriage was common in the valleys – had become welded into a hostile unit (Cronin).

7. She had walked some distance; … her shoes were worn to pieces (Dickens).

8. “Why”, thought I, “does she not explain that she could neither clean her nails nor wash her face, … the water was frozen?” (Bronte).

9. He watched and waited, until he feigned a wild rush, which he stopped midway, … he had seen the glint of metal (London).

Exercise 4

Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the word order in the adverbial clauses of cause and the conjunction used.

1. Unused as I was to strangers, it was rather a trial to appear thus formally summoned in Mr. Rochester’s presence (Bronte).

2. Besieged as she is by practical problems of all sorts the mother today can hardly have the time … to brood over the intricacies of the psychological relationship between mother and child (Daily Worker).

3. … but she had become increasingly difficult; jealous of her step-daughter June … and making ceaseless plaint that he could not love her, ill as she was, and useless to everyone … (Galsworthy).

4. I can now conjecture readily that this streak of light was, in all likelihood, a gleam from a lantern, carried by some one across the lawn; but then, prepared as my mind was for horror, shaken as my nerves were by agitation, I thought the swift darting beam was a herald of some coming vision from another world (Bronte).

5. This state of things should have been to me a paradise of peace, accustomed as I was to a life of ceaseless reprimand and thankless fagging (Bronte).

6. It was far from me to go, weak and ill as I was (Doyle).