- •By Lifanova e.A.
- •Russian – English
- •Vocabulary
- •Internet structure – Part 2
- •Vocabulary
- •In case of a single channel remote the presence of a carrier signal is used to trigger a function. When … ?
- •Icons to – a – to the – of - triangle – left - displays – notification – the – user - notification - visible – icons - hidden – the – the – .
- •Iwr technology matches handwritten or printed words to a user-defined dictionary. What … ?
- •3D graphics 3d-графика, трёхмерная графика, объёмная графика
- •Video game компьютерная игра, видеоигра, электронная игра
Vocabulary
ability to monitor their own motion
способность наблюдать, следить за собственным движением
actuator
силовой привод; соленоид
are all wired to
все присоединены кабелем
are set in motion
приводятся в движение
be powered (by a battery)
питаются от батареи
circuit powers electrical motors
цепь питает электромоторы
computer controls everything attached to the circuit
компьютер управляет всем, что присоединено к цепи
employ, use
использовать
jointed
шарнирный; сочлененный
motorized wheels
моторизованные колеса
overwhelming majority
преобладающее большинство
plug into the wall
включить штепсель в розетку на стене
pressurize
создавать давление
reprogrammable brain
перепрограмируемый мозг
sensory system
сенсорная система
switch on
включать, включить
valve
клапан
Exercise 1: Fill in gaps in the text with words from the table below:
movable compressed set overwhelming powered |
1 The … (1) …majority of robots have several common features.
2 Almost all robots have a … (2) … body.
3 These jointed segments are … (3) … in motion by actuators.
4 Most robots are … (4) … by a battery.
5 Pneumatic robots need an air compressor or … (5) … air tanks.
Exercise 2: Put words into right word order
Example: wired – actuators – electrical – to an – The – circuit – are – . => The actuators are wired to an electrical circuit.
1 have a – body – Robots – by the – physical – controlled – computer.
2 The – circuit – are – to an – electrical – all – wired – actuators – .
3 robots – sensory – all – systems – have – Not – .
4 most of – have – monitor – their – The – motion – robots – ability to – own – .
5 electrical – powers – motors – The – directly – circuit – .
Exercise 3: Make questions beginning with the words in bold
Example: Robots have a reprogrammable brain. (What brain … ?) – What brain do robots have?
1 Some robots have dozens of movable segments. (How many … ?)
2 The individual segments are connected together with joints. (How … ?)
3 Hydraulic robots need a pump to pressurize the hydraulic fluid. (What … for?)
4 The circuit powers the hydraulic or pneumatic system by manipulating electrical valves. (How … ?)
5 Only few of robots have the ability to see, hear, smell or taste. (What ability ? )
Exercise 4: Rewrite the text above in your own words (about 100 – 150 words)
Recommendations how to do it:
Reread the text and make notes to express main ideas of the paragraphs.
Find the key words in each paragraph. They are the words of key importance to the meaning of the paragraph. Use a thesaurus or a dictionary to find synonyms to these words.
Think of alternative phrases for the longer sentences in the paragraphs.
Write your own text using the notes you have made and the vocabulary you have prepared.
Reread again the original text and correct or change anything if necessary.
Good luck!
Text 2
Web 2.0 characteristics
The term “Web 2.0″ concerns the second generation of web development and design, which aims to facilitate communication, secure information sharing, interoperability, and collaboration on the WWW. Web 2.0 concepts have led to the expansion and evolution of web-based communities, hosted services, and applications such as social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs.
The term Web 2.0 became known after the O’Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in 2004. According to O’Reilly:
“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as a platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. “ ”
Although the term Web 2.0 suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not contain any update to any technical specifications. It is rather about changes in the ways software developers and end-users utilize the Web.
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, has questioned whether one can use the term in any meaningful way, because many of the technological components of Web 2.0 have existed since the early days of the Web.
Nonetheless, Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve information. The users can build on the interactive facilities of Web 1.0. It allows the users to run software applications entirely through a browser. The users can own the data on a Web 2.0 site and exercise control over those data. These sites may have an “Architecture of participation” that encourages users to add value to the application as they use it. Moreover, under the architecture of participation users contributing to website content help to create network effects. A network effect is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people. For example, the telephone: the more people own telephones, the more valuable the telephone is to each owner.
Web 2.0 technologies tend to foster innovation in the assembly of systems and sites composed by pulling together features from distributed, independent developers.
It is in contrast to traditional websites, which only limited visitors may view and whose content only the site’s owner could modify. Web 2.0 sites often feature a rich, user-friendly interface and similar client-side interactivity frameworks.
For Web 2.0 the next characteristics are representative: rich user experience, user participation, dynamic content, metadata, web standards and scalability (i.e. a property of a system, a network, or a process to either handle growing amounts of work or to be readily enlarged). Further characteristics, such as openness, freedom and collective intelligence by way of user participation, can also be viewed as essential attributes of Web 2.0.
Vocabulary
any meaningful way
любой, имеющий смысл способ
blog
блог
client-side interactivity frameworks
рамки интерактивного поведения клиентов
collective intelligence
коллективный интеллект, ум
end-user
конечный пользователь
entirely through a browser
всецело через веб-браузер
essential attributes of Web 2.0
неотъемлемый атрибут, неотъемлемый признак
exercise control over those data
осуществлять надзор над данными
foster innovation
стимулировать нововведения, инновации
hosted services
услуги по размещению информации (в узлах сети)
interactive facilities
интерактивные устройства
interoperability
интероперабильность – способность к взаимодействию различных аппаратных и других средств, возможность взаимодействия сетей
metadata
метаданные, данные о данных
network effect
сетевой эффект
pulling together
объединяя (для работы сообща)
readily enlarged
быстро, без задержки расти (расширяться)
retrieve information
получать информацию
scalability
расширяемость, масштабируемость (модульное наращивание системы в рамках унифицированной архитектуры)
secure information sharing
надежное совместное [коллективное] использование
social-networking sites
сайты социальных сетей
software developers
разработчик программного обеспечения
user-friendly interface
удобный для пользователя (дружественный) интерфейс
wikis
вики
Exercise 1: Fill in gaps in the text with words from the table below
technological interactive development allow update |
1 The term “Web 2.0″ concerns the second generation of web … (1) … and design.
2 Web 2.0 suggests a new version of WWW, which does not contain any … (2) … to any technical specifications.
3 Many of the … (3) … components of Web 2.0 have existed since the early days of the Web.
4 Nonetheless, Web 2.0 websites … (4) … users to do more than just retrieve information.
5 The users can build their applications on the … (5) … facilities of Web 1.0.
Exercise 2: Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form a related word that fits in the space in the same line
Example:
Web 2.0 concepts have led to the ……… and evolution of web-based communities. [expand]
Web 2.0 concepts have led to the expansion and evolution of web-based communities.
1 Web 2.0 allows the users to run software ……… entirely through a browser. [apply]
2 An architecture of ……… encourages users to add value to the application as they use it. [participate]
3 The architecture of participation helps users to create network………. [effective]
4 Web 2.0 technologies tend to foster ……… in the assembly of systems and sites. [innovate]
5 Web 2.0 systems and sites are composed by pulling together features from distributed ………. [development]
Exercise 3: Make questions beginning with the words in bold
Example:
Web 2.0 technologies sustain innovation in the assembly of systems and sites by pulling together features from distributed developers. (How … ?)
How do Web 2.0 technologies sustain innovation in the assembly of systems and sites?
1 Only limited number of visitors may view traditional websites. (Who … ?)
2 The content of traditional websites can be modified only by the site’s owner. (Who … by?)
3 Web 2.0 sites offer a rich, user-friendly interface and client-side interactivity frameworks. (What…?)
4 Openness, freedom and collective intelligence can also be viewed as essential attributes of Web 2.0. (What else … ?)
5 Web 2.0 assumes changes in the ways software developers and end-users utilize the Web (What changes … ?)
Exercise 4: Rewrite the text above in your own words (about 100 – 150 words).
Recommendations how to do it:
Reread the text and make notes to express main ideas of the paragraphs.
Find the key words in each paragraph. They are the words of key importance to the meaning of the paragraph. Use a thesaurus or a dictionary to find synonyms to these words.
Think of alternative phrases for the longer sentences in the paragraphs.
Write your own text using the notes you have made and the vocabulary you have prepared.
Reread again the original text and correct or change anything if necessary.
Text 3
Shortly about the WWW history – Part 1
The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. A Web browser enables a user to view Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia. Moreover, the browser ensures navigation between the pages using hyperlinks. The Web was created around 1990 by the English Tim Berners-Lee and the Belgian Robert Cailliau working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
The term Web is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the Web.
The origins of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980. Then Tim Berners-Lee and Jedda Smith built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models at CERN. Each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page. Later Berners-Lee considered problems of information sharing among high-energy physicists from around the world. So, in March 1989 he wrote a proposal for “a large hypertext database with typed links”, but it generated little interest. Nevertheless, Berners-Lee began implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation. The system was called World Wide Web.
Vocabulary
hypertext документ, который содержит видимые ссылки на другой документ в Интернете
Web browser веб браузер
Web pages веб-страница
hyperlink гиперссылка – фрагмент HTML-документа,
указывающий на другой файл в Интернете
NeXT workstation NeXT компьютер, работающий в составе компьютерной сети
information sharing распределенное использование информации
high-energy physics физика высоких энергий
CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research, derived from the French Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) Европейская лаборатория физики элементарных частиц
Exercise 1: Fill in gaps in the text with words from the table below
mistakenly over linked software hyperlinks |
The World Wide Web is a system of hypertext documents running … (1) … the Internet.
The Web browser ensures navigation between the Web pages using … (2) ….
The term Web is often … (3) … used as a synonym for the Internet itself.
Each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be … (4) … to an existing page.
ENQUIRE was a personal database of people and … (5) … models at CERN.
Exercise 2: Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form a related word that fits in the space in the same line
Example:
The _______of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980. [ORIGINAL]
The origins of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980.
1 The Web was created around 1990 by T. Berners-Lee and R. Cailliau ________at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. [WORK]
2 The Web is a service that __________ over the Internet. [OPERATION]
3 The history of the Internet dates back __________ further than that of the Web. [SIGNIFY]
4 Berners-Lee considered problems of ____________ sharing among high-energy physicists from around the world. [INFORMING]
5 Berners-Lee began implementing his system on a newly ____________ NeXT workstation. [ACQUISITION]
Text 4
Internet structure – Part 1
The Internet is a collection of separate and distinct networks, each one operating under a common framework of the globally unique Internet Protocol addressing (IP addressing) and global Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing. IP address is assigned to devices participating in computer networks under Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. BGP allows fully decentralized routing. Owing to that the Internet functions as a truly decentralized system.
The relationships between Internet networks are generally described by one of the following three categories:
Transit (or pay) – You pay money to another network for the Internet access.
Peer (or swap) – Two networks exchange traffic between each other’s customers freely, and for mutual benefit.
Customer (or sell) – Another network pays you money to provide them with the Internet access.
The Internet is based on the principle of global reach ability. It means that any Internet user can reach any other Internet user as though they were on the same network.
The Internet is extremely heterogeneous, for instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely. The Internet exhibits “emergent phenomena” that depend on its large-scale organization. More than one computer can use the Internet through only one its node. It creates the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal based sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely.
Vocabulary
English Russian
addressing адресация; способ адресации
computer network сеть ЭВМ
border gateway protokol пограничный межсетевой протокол маршрутизации
routing маршрутизация (в сети)
node узел (в сетях – точка присоединения к сети)
peer равноправный пользователь или узел сети
swap oбмен, перекачка
Internet access выход / доступ в Интернет
heterogeneous гетерогенный, неоднородный
emergent phenomena эмерджентный эффект, т.е. эффект организации, который является результатом возникновения между элементами системы связей
large-scale organization большая или сложная система
Exercise 1: Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form a related word that fits in the space in the same line
Example:
The Internet is … … of separate and distinct networks. [COLLECT]
The Internet is a collection of separate and distinct networks.
The relationships between Internet networks are … … described by three categories. [generalize]
Transit means you … … money to another network for the Internet access. [payable]
Peer means two networks exchange traffic between each other’s customers … … . [free]
The Internet is … … on the principle of global reach ability. [basic]
Data transfer rates and physical characteristics of … … on the Internet vary widely. [CONNECT]
Text 5