Вариант № 1

1. Прочитайте и дайте полный письменный перевод текста

Economics

Economics is a social science connected with production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term "economics" comes from the Ancient Greek "okovouia" (oikonomia, "management of household, administration") + "vouoc;" (nomos, "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house(hold)". Current economic models developed out of a broader field of political economy in the late 19th century.

Economics tries to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society, in business, finance and government, but also in crime, education, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war and science.

Common distinctions are drawn between various dimensions of economics. The primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics, which examines the economic behavior of agents (including individuals and firms, consumers and producers), and macroeconomics, addressing the issues affecting the entire economy, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. Other distinctions include: between positive economics (describing "what is") and normative economics (advocating "what ought to be"); between economic theory and applied economics.

Microeconomics looks at interactions between individual markets, given scarcity and government regulation. This is a broadly termed supply and demand analysis. Market structures, such as perfect competition and monopoly, are examined as implications for behavior and economic efficiency. Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole to explain broad aggregates and their interactions. Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, price inflation and sub aggregates like total consumption, investment spending and their components. It also studies the effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy.

1.1. Определите, соответствуют ли нижеследующие предложения тексту (True) или нет (False)

1. Economics is a psychological science.

2. The term "economics" comes from French.

3. Economic analysis is applied throughout society.

4. Microeconomics examines the economy as a whole.

5. Macroeconomics studies effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy.

1.2. Найдите в тексте и выпишите ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the aim of economics?

2. Where is the economic analysis applied?

3. What are the various dimensions of economics?

4. What does microeconomics study?

5. What does macroeconomics study?

Вариант № 2

1. Прочитайте и дайте полный письменный перевод текста

International Business Styles

1. In large organizations, leaders should spend no more than four hours a day in their offices. The rest of the time, they should be out with their people, talking to lower-level employees and getting their feedback on problem areas. They should be making short speeches and handing out awards. They should be traveling widely throughout their organizations.

2. The best leaders are those whose minds are never closed and who are eager to deal with new issues. Leaders should hot change their minds too frequently after a major decision has been made, but if they never reconsider, they are beginning to show a degree of rigidity and inflexibility that creates problems for the organization.

3. Executives must take a disciplined approach to their schedules, their post, their telephone calls, their travel schedules and their meetings. Staying busy and working long hours are not necessarily a measurement of leadership effectiveness.

4. Leaders may run efficient organizations, but they do not really serve the long-term interests of the institution unless they plan, set goals and provide strategic perception.

5. The leader must be willing to pass on skills, to share insights and experiences, and to work very closely with people to help them mature and be creative.

6 . Leaders should let people know that life is not so important that you can't sit back occasionally and be amused by what is happening. Laughter can be a great reliever of tension.

7. Reliability is something that leaders must have in order to provide stability and strength to organizations. Leaders must be willing to be flexible but consistency and coherence are important elements of large organizations.

8. Leaders must not only understand the major elements of their businesses but must also keep up with any changes.

9. Leaders should be able to look at themselves objectively and analyse where they have made mistakes and where they have disappointed people.