§2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS

A building (pic. 17) is a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place. Buildings come in a variety of shapes, sizes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work.

A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times

in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional

may be harsh and harmful).Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvass of artistic expression.ИIn recent years, interest

building is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less

part of the design process of many new buildings. The word building is both a noun and a verb: the structure itself andДthe act of making it. As a noun, a

permanently in one place’. In the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a

walls. Structure is more likelyбto beАused for a fence. The first shelter on Earth constructed by a иrelatively close ancestor to humans is believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an early ancestor of humans, Homo erectus. There are well knownСtypes of buildings Residential buildings Agricultural

building. However, the word structure is used more broadly than building

including natural and man-made formations and does not necessarily have

buildings, Commercial buildings, Educational buildings, Power Stations, Renaissance and Ancient and the Medieval buildings, Early Modern and the Industrial Age.

Residential buildings (рic. 18) are called houses or homes, though buildings containing large numbers of separate dwelling units often called apartment buildings or apartment blocks to differentiate them from 'individual' houses. Houses may also be built in pairs (semi-detached), in terraces where all but two of the houses have others either side; apartments may be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by a piece of ground of varying sizes. Houses which were built as a single dwelling may later be divided into apartments or bedsitters; they may also be converted to another use e.g. an office or a shop. Building types may range from one-room wood-framed, masonry, or adobe dwellings to multi-million dollar high-rise buildings able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is

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usually a response to high ground prices resulting from many people wanting to live close to work or similar attractors. Other common building materials are brick, concrete or combinations of either of these with stone.

A multi-storey (рic. 17, 18) is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the building. Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the floor area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases, money (depending on material used and land prices in the area). The building with the most storeys is the Burj Khalifa (рic. 19), with 162 storeys.

Centric constructions (рic. 20) are buildings which are symmetrical relative to the vertical axes in the centre of the main building (round, square

or multi-angular).

superimposed by the octahedral hipped roof. И

An octagon (рic. 21) is an octahedral construction. An octagon is

Large panel constructions (рic. 22)Дare made of fabricated large panels. Any building requires a certainАamount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and

telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices orбfactories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up largeиamounts of space and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required. The present day apartment house has increased the requirements for using modem forms. Varied buildings solids, implementation ofСthe new materials, determine a new level of those buildings. Quantity of the architectural forms and spatial compositions joined with usage of materials and surface textures requires implementing of different constructional solutions [11].

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				И
			Д
Pic. 17. The Glass Palace, a celebration of transparency in Teerlen, the Netherlands
		А
	б
и
С

Pic.18. Modernized large-panel buildings in Rostock, Germany

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				И
			Д
		А
	б
и
С

Pic.19. Burj Khalifa in Dubai (Tallest in the world since 2010)

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				И
			Д
Pic. 20. A cylindrical building made in steel frame and aluminium.
The Rotunda in Hellerup / Denmark		А
	б
и
С

Pic. 21.The Octagon House in Jefferson County, Watertown, WI (built c. 1854), photographed in 2007

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Pic. 22. A large - panel system					А		И
				б
	Задание 1.	Переведите слова и словосочетанияД						, учитывая контекст
их употребления:			и
	Words and word combinations						Translation
	formations
	perceived	С
	sustainable planning
	human habitat
	to store belongings
	man-made formations
	privacy
	an imposing edifice

Задание 2. Дайте определение понятию building. Используйте следующие модели:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as… The notion “…” contains such ones as…

Задание 3. Продолжите предложения:

An octagon is a …

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A building is …

Large panel constructions … Buildings serve …

In recent years … A multi-storey …

Residential buildings are called … Centric constructions are buildings….

Задание 4. Составьте простые распространенные и сложные предложения, используя данные ниже слова, словосочетания и фразы:

Let me describe…
The characteristic feature of…is…
Overall view …
It is necessary to mention…								И
Задание 5. Заполните пустые графы таблицы.
	Definition							Translation
Здание	– построенное			человеком			A building is …
					А
сооружение с крышей и стенами, стоящее							Д
на одном месте более или менее
продолжительное время.				б
Жилыми	называются			здания		или	Residential buildings are called …
дома, содержащие большое количество
		и
единиц, часто называемых квартирными
зданиями или блоками в отл ч е от
индивидуальных домов.
Многоэтажным является здан е, которое							A mmulti-storey is …
имеет множество этажей над фундаментом
здания. Такие здания строятся с целью
увеличения	площади		здания,			не
увеличивая площадь занятой земли, на
которой оно построеноС.
Крупнопанельные сооружения строят						из	Large panel constructions are …
заранее изготовленных крупных панелей.
Для функционирования			любого здания
требуется определенная			инфраструктура,
которая включает такие элементы, как
отопление, охлаждение, энергоснабжение,
телекоммуникация, горячая и холодная
вода.

Задание 6. Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте каждую.

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Задание 7. Используя план текста, составьте отрывок устной аннотации по следующим моделям:

My report suggests some information on...

I would like to begin (to open my report) with a detailed examination

of..

The aim of the report is to provide you with some material (data) on… The purpose of my report is to give you some information on… Passing on to…, I’d like to say that…

One of the most interesting questions is… Let me call your attention to the fact that… In summing up I’d like to tell…

To my opinion…

Задание 8. Сделайте вывод об информации текста,
следующие модели:				И
The text…provides much information on…
			Д
The text……gives figures illustrating …
It……carries a photograph of …
I find the data on… useful (informative, interesting,
disputable), because…		А
In conclusion I can say…
	б
My conclusions (results) based on…..
и
С

используя

up-to-date,

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