Lifestyle
|
Following a Healthy Eating Pattern |
|
Reducing Salt and Sodium in Your Diet |
|
Maintaining a Healthy Weight |
|
Being Physically Active |
|
Limiting Alcohol Intake |
|
Quitting Smoking
Exercises
Ex. 1. Give English equivalents to the Russian words and word combinations:
Клиническое испытание, частота пульса, дыхание, 120/80 мм ртутного столба, бросить курить, сфигмоманометр, ртутный манометр, повышенное кровяное давление, кровеносные сосуды, здоровый образ жизни, пониженное кровяное давление, диабет, цирканнуальный (биологический ритм), признаки жизни, частота дыхания, ограничить потребление алкоголя, заболевание почек, аномальный, циркулирующая кровь, мембранный манометр, плечевая артерия, систолическое кровяное давление, диастолическое кровяное давление. Ex. 2. Answer the questions:
Ex. 3. Complete the instructions (use the words below):
If you've ever had to give a tube of blood or a little cup of urine in your doctor's office, you've had a laboratory test. Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include
Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases. Interpreting Laboratory Test Results A laboratory test is a medical procedure in which a sample of blood, urine, or other tissues or substances in the body is checked for certain features. Such tests are often used as part of a routine checkup to identify possible changes in a person’s health before any symptoms appear. Laboratory tests also play an important role in diagnosis when a person has symptoms. In addition, tests may be used to help plan a patient’s treatment, evaluate the response to treatment, or monitor the course of the disease over time. Laboratory test samples are analyzed to determine whether the results fall within normal ranges. They also may be checked for changes from previous tests. Normal test values are usually given as a range, rather than as a specific number, because normal values vary from person to person. What is normal for one person may not be normal for another person. Many factors (including the patient’s sex, age, race, medical history, and general health) can affect test results. Sometimes, test results are affected by specific foods, drugs the patient is taking, and how closely the patient follows pre-test instructions. That is why a patient may be asked not to eat or drink for several hours before a test. It is also common for normal ranges to vary somewhat from laboratory to laboratory. Some laboratory tests are precise, reliable indicators of specific health problems. Others provide more general information that simply gives doctors clues to possible health problems. Information obtained from laboratory tests may help doctors decide whether other tests or procedures are needed to make a diagnosis. The information may also help the doctor develop or revise a patient’s treatment plan. The doctor who is familiar with the patient’s medical history and current condition is in the best position to explain test results and their implications. Patients are encouraged to discuss questions or concerns about laboratory test results with the doctor. What are lab tests? Laboratory tests are medical procedures that involve testing samples of blood, urine, or other tissues or substances in the body. Why does your doctor use lab tests? Your doctor uses laboratory tests to help:
How are lab tests analyzed? After your doctor collects a sample from your body, it is sent to a laboratory. Laboratories perform tests on the sample to see if it reacts to different substances. Depending on the test, a reaction may mean you do have a particular condition or it may mean that you do not have the particular condition. Sometimes laboratories compare your results to results obtained from previous tests, to see if there has been a change in your condition. What do lab tests show? Lab tests show whether or not your results fall within normal ranges. Normal test values are usually given as a range, rather than as a specific number, because normal values vary from person to person. What is normal for one person may not be normal for another person. Some laboratory tests are precise, reliable indicators of specific health problems, while others provide more general information that gives doctors clues to your possible health problems. Information obtained from laboratory tests may help doctors decide whether other tests or procedures are needed to make a diagnosis or to develop or revise a previous treatment plan. All laboratory test results must be interpreted within the context of your overall health and should be used along with other exams or tests. What factors affect your lab test results? Many factors can affect test results, including:
Exercises Ex.1. Say whether the sentences that follow are right or wrong. Give the correct variant for the wrong statements (support your answer with a sentence from the text above):
Ex.2. a). Read the text: Taking Blood During venipuncture the phlebotomist, a technician who takes blood, inserts a needle into a vein and withdraws blood into a specimen tube, which is sent to the hematology laboratory for analysis. Usually the phlebotomist can find a vein in the inner part of the elbow, antecubital fossa, that is easily accessible. She may apply a tourniquet – a tight band – in order to make the vein more prominent. Afterwards, the patient may be asked to press lightly on a dressing, usually a piece of gauze, to help the blood to clot and to prevent swelling and a hematoma (a black and blue mark, or a bruise) where the vein was punctured. Note: A bruise is a specific mark. Bruising can be used to describe a number of bruises or a larger area – The patient exhibited bruising on the right forearm. b). Complete the text. Look at Text A to help you: (1) … are specially trained in taking blood. They are skilled at (2) … - puncturing the vein to take a blood sample. The wrist, hand and foot can be used but more often a vein in the inner part of the elbow is used. If it is difficult to locate a suitable vein, the patient may be asked to make a (3) … , or a (4) … may be applied on the upper arm to make the vein more apparent. Afterwards, a (5) … is applied and the patient is asked to press gently. This helps to stop the bleeding and to prevent (6) … at the site. It is important that (7) … are labeled correctly before they are sent to the hematology (8) … , where a full blood count or other investigations will be carried out. Ex.2. Choose a topic for discussion:
III. ECG, MRI and Ultrasound Examination |
Electrocardiography
|
Electrocardiography | |
|
Intervention | |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Image
showing a patient
connected to the 10 electrodes necessary for a 12-lead ECGElectrocardiography (ECG or EKG from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a transthoracic (across the thorax or chest) interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, as detected by electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body. The recording produced by this noninvasive procedure is termed as electrocardiogram (also ECG or EKG). An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, as well as the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as a pacemaker
ECG (electrocardiogram)
What is an ECG?
ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body.
The signals that make the heart's muscle fibres contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart.
In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper.
This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the heart's rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease.
What is the resting ECG used for?
The information obtained from an electrocardiogram can be used to discover different types of heart disease. It may be useful for seeing how well the patient is responding to treatment.
It is a good idea to have an ECG in the case of symptoms such as dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing), chest pain (angina), fainting, palpitations or when someone can feel that their own heart beat is abnormal.
The test can show evidence of disease in the coronary arteries. Unfortunately, in many people who have significant narrowing of the arteries supplying the heart muscle, the ECG recording made at rest is often normal. Therefore, if a significant narrowing is suspected, an ECG recording is often made when the patient is exercising (an exercise stress test) because this is more likely to reveal the problem.
An ECG can be used to assess if the patient has had a heart attack or evidence of a previous heart attack.
An ECG can be used to monitor the effect of medicines used for coronary artery disease.
An ECG reveals rhythm problems such as the cause of a slow or fast heart beat.
To demonstrate thickening of a heart muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy), for example due to long-standing high blood pressure.
To see if there are too few minerals in the blood.
An ECG may appear normal even in the presence of significant heart disease. Thus, for a full assessment of the heart, other tests may be needed.
How is an ECG performed?
It depends on what is being measured. Usually, an ECG is taken while the patient is resting. But if there's concern that a patient's symptoms may be caused by coronary artery disease, the test is done while the patient is on an exercise bike or treadmill.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
An MRI machine
A picture of a MRI scan of the human head.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), are techniques that doctors use to give a visual representation of soft tissue (flesh) inside the body. Magnetic resonance uses nuclear magnetic resonance to generate these images.
Principle
To take an MRI image, the patient lies on a movable bed. The bed enters a strong magnetic field and then a second magnetic field is applied for a short time in a different direction. This sudden shift causes certain atoms in the patient's body make special signals. The MRI scanner detects those special signals. The MRI scanner then sends the signal information to a computer, and the computer creates an image of the inner body by using the signal information.
Pros and Cons
The MRI is used to diagnose disorders of the body that cannot be seen by X-rays. The MRI is painless and has the advantage of avoiding X-ray radiation exposure. It is an expensive medical procedure to have. A person who has metallic objects or implants in the body cannot generally have an MRI.
Where to use?
The MRI is also used to study nerves, muscles, bones, and many other tissues in the body. MRI are very useful for finding blood clots.
When to use?
An MRI scan can be used as an extremely accurate method of disease detection throughout the body.
Neurosurgeons use an MRI scan not only in defining brain anatomy but in evaluating the integrity of the spinal cord after trauma. An MRI scan can evaluate the structure of the heart and aorta, where it can detect aneurysms or tears.
It provides valuable information on glands and organs within the abdomen, and accurate information about the structure of the joints, soft tissues, and bones of the body.
Exercise: a) Read the text: