О. М. Ільченко Англійська мова для науковців

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They discuss the issue	The issue is discussed
They are discussing the issue	The issue is being discussed
They discussed the issue	The issue was discussed
They had discussed the issue	The issue had been discussed
They have discussed the issue	The issue has been discussed
They were discussing the issue	The issue was being discussed
They will discuss the issue	The issue will be discussed
They must discuss the issue	The issue must be discussed

Mind specific passive constructions and the ways of translating them into Ukrainian:

1.Indirect Passive:

a. She gave her sister a book.

object 1 object 2 (indirect) (direct)

A book was given to her sister, (direct passive) Her sister was given a book. (indirect passive)

Scientists were invited to the conference. Вчених запросили на конференцію. They were shown brand-new equipment. Їм показали найновіше обладнання.

2.Prepositional Passive

a. The terms were insisted on. На строках наполягали.

The lecture was followed by a discussion. За лекціею йшла дискусія.

The lecture was Sue-ceded by another one. За однією лекщею йшла інша.

The conference was preceded by preliminary arrangements.

Конференції передувала попередня підготовка (або: перед конференцією було проведено підготовку).

All manufacturing processes are subject/subjected to change. Усі технологічні процеси зазнають змін.

The resolution was objected to by almost everyone. Проти резолюції були майже yci.

b.

They	make use	of a device
	object	object

Use is made of a device. Прилад використовують.

A device is made use of.

They	take steps	to improve the situation.	Вживають заходів для поліпшення ситуації.
	object
Steps are taken to improve the situation.

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Other ways of expressing passive:

Suffixes -able. -ibie:

Much of our work is predicted in theory, which is demonstrable but not provable.

Значну частину нашоії роботи було передбачено у теорії, яку можна продемонструвати, але не довести.

Suffix -ее:

nominee — той, кого призначають attendee — той, хто мае бути присутнім

Phrases:
to be exposed to — зазнавати				The issue under consideration - питання, що
				розглядаеться
under consideration	— (те), що розглядаеться			The problems in question — проблеми, що
in question				розглядаються

The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:

to answer to promise to offer to invite to affect

to follow to succeed

to allow to permit

to join

to connect to link

to influence to tell

to speak to report to watch to precede

to ask

to ask a question to pose a question

to depend on to rely on

to object to

to think of/about to call for

to agree upon to comment on to insist on/upon

відповідати

обіцяти

пропонувати

запрошувати впливати (на)

іти слідом (за)

дозволяти

з'єднувати, поєднувати

впливати

казати

говорити

повідомляти

спостерігати

передувати

питати, ставити питання

покладатися на

заперечувати думати (про) вимагати погоджуватися коментувати наполягати (на)

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			покінчити (з)
to do away with
to get rid of			посилати (за)
to send for
to account for			пояснювати, ураховувати (зважати)
to use — to make use of			використовувати
to refer — to make reference to			посилатися (на)
to mention — to make mention of			згадувати (про)
to contribute — to make contribution			робити внесок
to consider — to give consideration to			розглядати
to pay/give/draw/call attention to			приділяти увагу
to take notice/note of			звертати увагу
to make attempt			робити спробу
to make effort			робити зусилля
to lay/place emphasis (on)			наголошувати (на)
to take advantage of			скористатися (перевагою)
to take opportunity of			скористатися (можливістю)
to take steps			вживати заходів
to take care of			турбуватися (про),
			вживати застережних (запобіжних) заходів

The Get-Passive is used in spoken and informal English. The get-passive actions and processes, NOT states. The get-passive is more common with involved in a process):

The President was elected last year. The President got elected last year.

is used with verbs denoting ONLY animate subjects (usually actively

Compare:
They will get married next week.				They have been married for 7 years.
(action, process)				(state)

Exercise 3. Translate Ukrainian sentences. Then match the two columns:

1.Цю проблему треба вирішити (розв'язати).

2.Bci спостереження зробила група відомих вчених.

3.Професору поставили багато запитань.

4.Експеримент провели минулого тижня.

5.Відвідувачів приймають щодня.

6.Проект критикувало багато людей.

7.Проблему вперше усвідомили декілька років тому.

8.Йому не треба казати двічі.

9.Фармацевтичній промисловості приділяють багато уваги.

10.Про цю нову теорію багато говорять та пишуть.

11.Пішли чутки, що йому запропонували фінансову підтримку.

12.У Канаді розмовляють англійською та французькою мовами.

13.Нас попросили прийти якомога раніше.

A. English and French are spoken in Canada.

B.Visitors are received every day.

C.He doesn't need to be told twice.

D.The problem was first recognized several years ago.

E.Professor was asked a lot of questions.

F.Pharmaceutical industry is paid great attention to.

G.This new theory is much spoken and written about.

H.The project was sharply criticized by many people.

I.It was rumored that he was offered financial support.

J.The problem must be solved.

K.This experiment was made last week.

L.We were asked to come as early as possible.

M.All observations were made by a team of well-known scientists.

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Exercise 4. Complete the sentences.

1.The observed phenomena ... into generalized statements.

a.organized

b.are organized

c.organizing

d.are organizing

2.A lot of universities ... in the university towns in the USA.

a.locating

b.to locate

c.are located

d.is located

3.They ... how to operate the equipment last month.

a.are shown

b.have been shown

c.will be shown

d.were shown

4.Our TV set ... yet.

a.was not repaired

b.is not repaired

c.is not being repaired

d.has not been repaired

5.A new edition of this encyclopedia ....

a.is printing now

b.is now printing

c.is being printed now

d.now prints

6.His works ... all over the world.

a.is widely known

b.widely known

c.to be widely known

d.are widely known

7.An attempt ... to find a pattern of consistency in all observations of the system under study.

a.is made

b.made

c.are made

d.to be made

8.His later works were ....

a.took notice of

b.taken notice of

c.taking notice of

d.take notice of

9.This new instrument can really ... .

a.is relied upon

b.was relied upon

c.be relied upon

d.has been relied upon

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10.This book ... by a famous writer.

a.was written

b.were written

c.was writing

d.to be written

11.All contributions ... by a board of reviewers next month.

a.were revised

b.will be revised

c.are being revised

d.have been revised

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1.The paper is concerned with three questions.

2.We were informed of the meeting.

3.Only a few examples will be given here.

4.The theory is being much spoken about.

5.The negotiations will not be finished until Monday.

6.I was paid cash.

7.Heating was followed by cooling.

8.This method was done away with many years ago.

9.They were asked whether the laboratory would be provided with the necessary equipment.

10.This problem is being investigated by our team, and the results will be published soon.

11.They were shown new tools.

12.This problem was not even thought of a couple of years ago.

13.A new exhibition has been organized by our company.

14.The problem was dealt with in a number of papers.

15.A large amount of research is being conducted in the field of telecommunications.

16.It is unbelievable that he should have made such a mistake.

17.Of course, the issue in question will play an important role.

18.The new evidence cannot be accounted for by existing theories.

19.It is thought that this equipment can be relied upon.

20.They have been given sufficient information.

21.As recently as the 1950s blacks and whites were not allowed to get married in many southern states in the U.S.

22.The merits of new technology have been taken notice of.

23.It is known that care must be taken of fundamental research.

24.These facts play an important role in the process under study.

25.What method should be chosen in any particular case depends on a number of factors.

26.Provided certain basic requirements are met, the work may be completed in time.

27.The necessity of applied research is insisted upon.

28.There is little doubt that in the course of further development of all sciences extensive use will be made of a wide range of computers.

29.It is hoped that the technique may be significantly improved.

30.The assistant was sent for.

31.The new data have been obtained, presented, and discussed recently.

32.The result of our experiment is greatly affected by laboratory conditions.

33.I was told to wait.

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Exercise 6.Prepare a report on one of the famous constructions in the world, i.e. The Empire State Building, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Eiffel Tower, the Statue of Liberty, Pyramids of Egypt etc.

	Sample answer:
	The first Seven Wonders of the World,
	cataloged 23 centuries ago, comprised
	massive piles of cut stone that marked the
	dawn of civil engineering. Even a 1930s
	list of Modern Wonders honored such
	civil engineering feats as the Empire State
	Building and the Golden Gate				Bridge.
	Today,	electronics		is indispensable to
	these Wonders, consuming such massive
	quantities of labor, money and resources
	that	they	can	be	called
	«megaprojects».
	An example of such spectacular
	projects is Kuala Lumpur City Center
	(KLCC) in Malaysia, a city-within-a-city
	that contains the 450-meter-high Petronas
	towers, named after national petroleum
	company. The Petronas towers include
	436000 m2 of floor space. The twin towers
	are joined half way up — at the 41 and 42
	floors by a 58.4-meter-long sky bridge. In
	addition, the towers have 44-story side
						feat — an action needing strenght, skill, or courage
	towers. The skyscrapers rize from a six-
						mall — a large shopping center
	story retail mall.

Text B ENGLISH SUFFIXES

A suffix is a combination of letters added at the end of a word. Suffixes help us recognize the function of words:

	ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
-able, -ible,	verifiable, compatible
-ant, -ent	important, fluent
-ish	childish
-ary,-ory	auxiliary, obligatory
-like	sunlike
-some	awesome
-ous	harmonious
-ly	lively
-У	steady
-worthy	noteworthy
-ful	careful
-less	careless
-proof	waterproof
	VERB SUFFIXES
-ate	translate
-en	thicken
-ize	theorize
-fy, -ify	magnify

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		NOUN SUFFIXES
-er, -eer		teacher, engineer
-or		professor
-ее		employee
-ist		scientist
-ian		historian
-age		storage
-ance,-ence		acceptance, difference
-ism		realism
-ity		simplicity
-ment		development
-ness		softness
-ion, -tion, -sion		division, hibernation, conclusion
-ship		friendship
-dom		freedom
-hood		neighborhood

The suffix -aholic has been applied to many things recently. The original word alcoholic was used to describe a person addicted to alcohol. Now we use such words as workaholics (people who love their jobs, «addicted» to them), shopaholics (addicted to shopping), sportaholics (addicted to sports), TVaholics (addicted to watching television), and other somethingaholics.

Exercise 7. Translate the following words into Ukrainian. If necessary, consult the dictionary.

autonomous, tireless, periodicity, criticize, optimism, physician, criticism, thankworthy, foliage, nominate, yellowish, reformer, justify, courage, satisfactory, verifiable, advantage, simplicity, shortage, probability, darken, classify, mandatory, believable, heritage, integrate, trustee, rechargeable, amendment, friendlike, boredom, provable, quoteworthy, geographer, simplify, fellowship, competent, grantee, girlhood, resistant, vendor, workaholic, astronomer, relationship, visible, disputable, parenthood, volunteer, memorize, memorable.

Exercise 8.

1. Make nouns from these words:

occur, leader, fit, absent, report, design, develop, free, tender, select, depend, agree, require.

2. Make verbs from these words:

symbol, false, strength, active, soft, normal, fresh, valid, signal, legal, individual.

3. Make adjectives from these words:

praise, afford, present, wash, reuse, hazard, noise, use, trust, faith, salt, adjust, flaw.

Exercise 9. Read the passage and answer the questions about it.

Archaeology is the recovery and interpretation of objects and informaton that together provide clues to the past. These clues are often thought of as coming solely from the objects that have remained from the culture of past times. The challenge is to discover evidence without destroying it. An archaeologist should know how to recover evidence carefully, what to observe, how to preserve what is found. The precise location of everything that is found, together with identification of soils is often of crucial importance in the efforts to interpret and understand what has happened in the past. Archaeology requires many skills. Below ground archaeology must be attempted only by trained and skilled people who work carefully and scientifically. Archaeology should never be done simply for fun or simply to collect objects. Many archaeologists spend years

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researching an area before even attempting to excavate and dig at an archaeological site.

Archaeology is not limited to remote ages. It is a technique for discovering and conserving evidence of all times and places.

1.The author's purpose is to

a.provide historical report

b.define archaeology

c.discuss excavation sites

d.explain essentials of museum conservation

2.According to the passage, archaeologists must be careful about

a.collecting objects

b.digging on historic locations

c.having fun

d.preserving evidence

3.It can be inferred from the passage that an archaeologist must be an expert in recognizing

a.pottery

b.coins

c.soils

d.metal objects

4.According to the author, archaeology should not be attempted simply for

a.research

b.fun

c.learning

d.writing reports

5.The author stresses the archaeologist's need for

a.sense of humor

b.determination

c.punctuality

d.skills

Exercise 10 Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for it.

1.This computer can retrieve stored information in a matter of seconds.

a.remove

b.regain

c.relate

d.rewrite

2.The latest figures suggest that the situation is improving.

a.deny

b.propose

c.indicate

d.clearly demonstrate

3.I'd like to suggest an alternative plan.

a.propose

b.discuss

c.discard

d.indicate

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4.We appreciate this technology.

a.experience

b.recognize

c.approbate

d.improve

5.They know how to handle the setup.

a.install

b.enhance

c.dismantle

d.control

6.The dictionary consists of 1,804.pages — an indication of Completeness and dependability.

a.accuracy

b.reliability

c.readability

d.viability

7.The newspaper provides comprehensive coverage of world affairs.

a.cursory

b.interesting

c.brief

d.thorough

8.All sorts of reference books are available here.

a.affordable

b.obtainable

c.presentable

d.understandable

9.It is necessary that we boost our industry.

a.handle

b.appreciate

c.improve

d.computerize

10.Even if a person is fluent in a foreign language, s/he may still have communication problems.

a.knowledgeable

b.comfortable

c.involved

d.normal

11.Our call for new suggestions produced very little response.

a.feedback

b.concern

c.discussion

d.liveliness

12.We use incinerators to get rid of waste products.

a.to collect

b.to identify

c.to regulate

d.to do away with

13.This road links several villages.

a.depends on

b.disconnects

c.puzzles

d.joins

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Noteworthy

«... geometry, arithmetics, music, physics, medicine, architechture, and all the science subject to experiment and reason must be added to if they are to become perfect. The ancients found them merely sketched by their predecessors, and we'll leave them to our successors in a more perfected state than we received them.»

Blaise Pascal

in his «Preface to the Treatise on the Vacuum.» A French mathematician and philosopher, Pascal (1623 —1662) formulated the theory of probability together with Pierre de Fermat.