inglish

— оказываться

— оказываться

— случиться, случайно оказаться

— случиться, случайно оказаться

— вероятно

— вряд ли, маловероятно

— несомненно, наверняка, конечно

— несомненно, наверняка, конечно

Petroleum Engineering

— по-видимому, казаться

— по-видимому, казаться

Unit 2

15.Everybody expected the international exhibition "Oil & Gas" to attract many visitors.

Конструкция "Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом" (The Complex Subject with the Infinitive)

IIron is known to be extracted from iron ore. Известно, что железо получают из железной руды. Железо, как известно, получают из железной руды.

ПCopper seems to be one of the first metals used bv man.

Кажется, (что) медь - один из первых металлов, применяемых человеком. Медь, кажется, - один из первых металлов, применяемых человеком.

HI	Laser is likclv to find a wider application in future.
	Вероятно, (что) лазер найдет более широкое применение в будущем. Лазер, вероятно,
	найдет более широкое применение в будущем.
	Глаголы-сказуемые в предложениях с конструкцией
	"сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом"

I. Глаголы-сказуемые, употребляемые в конструкции только в страдательном залоге.

assume	— считать, полагать
believe	— считать, полагать
consider	— считать, полагать
suppose	— считать, полагать, предполагать
think	— сдумать, полагать
expect	— ожидать
find	— обнаруживать, находить, считать
hear	— слышать
know	— знать
report	— сообщать
say	— говорить
see	— видеть

П. Глаголы-сказуемые, употребляемые в конструкции только в действительном залоге, appear

seem prove turnout happen chance

Ш. be likely be unlikely be sure be certain

31

Unit 2

Ex. 10 Make up sentences using the following blocks.

1	2	3
our age	to be the age of metals	is considered
to be used as fuel	oil and gas	are known
to be resistant to atmospheric	proves	titanium
corrosion
can be said	oil	to be the main source of energy
to have increased greatly	is reported	oil demand
pipeline transportation	to be the most economic way of	seems
	transporting oil
is likely	gas industry	to move northward
are expected	to hold the annual conference at	OPEC producers
	the end of the year

Ex. 11 Read the sentences and find the Complex Subject Construction with the Infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1.Basins of this region may be expected to experience increasing exploration and development drilling in coming years.

2.Energy is certain to fuel Russia's and the world's economic growth.

3.Russia's role as an energy supplier and transporter appears to be growing.

4.Currently, Russian natural gas supplies turn out to make up 30% of Europe's annual gas consumption.

5.Economic growth is unlikely to be reached without oil production increase.

6.The agreement doesn't seem to have been signed.

7.Pipelines are considered to be the most economic means of oil and gas transportation.

8.The first well is believed to have been drilled in China about 1100 A.D.

9.These two wells may appear to cross the same formations.

10.The pipeline under construction is likely to bring gas to serve the densely populated areas.

11.Natural gas and coal are said to be the most important fuels after oil.

12.European oil demand is not supposed to decrease these two years.

Ex. 12 Read the sentences and find the constructions:

a)Complex Object

b)Complex Subject. Translate the sentences.

1.A refinery is considered to conduct regular air and water monitoring.

2.Oil specialists consider a refinery to conduct regular air and water monitoring.

3.Consumers worldwide expect the industry to provide them with inexpensive fuel for transportation, heat, and electricity.

4.The industry is expected to provide consumers worldwide with inexpensive fuel for transportation, heat, and electricity.

5.The test proved oil to be of high quality.

6.The two wells proved to be producing oil of high quality.

7.The majority of countries proves to be the consumers of oil, not the producers.

8.The experiments proved the pressure of gas to depend on its concentration.

9.The consumption of oil products appears to grow from year to year.

10.Oil appears at the surface as a black viscous liquid.

Ex. 13 Read the text and comment on different colours of oil. Use the following introductory phrases.

it's common knowledge; generally speaking; to begin with; on the one hand... on the other hand; as mentioned above, etc.

The Colour of Oil

It's common knowledge that people in and outside oil industry used to call oil "black gold". It's true and it's not difficult to prove it.

32	Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

Energy is a big business, and oil is a major part of that business. To be more exact, oil accounts for 40 per cent of all the world's energy. The world lives on oil. Oil is fundamental for the stability of the industrialized world. Oil is known to be the foundation for the plastics and petrochemical industries. It is a major component of the farming industry as well. Practically speaking, oil industry is the major sector of economy. It affects all shades of life and industry.

Michael J. Economides from the University of Houston, Doctor Honoris Causa (почетный профессор) of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas thinks oil to be of various colours. And in his opinion the colour of oil depends on many factors.

"Oil is black because it is a mixture of so many compounds with so much variation in physical properties that all light is absorbed".

"The colour of oil is green, and even if money throughout the world has all the colours of the rainbow, it is the dollar colour (greenback) both literally and figuratively that has defined the value of oil".

"Red is the colour of oil — as red as the blood of the millions who died in two great world wars and many other conflicts of the 20th century".

Ex. 14 Prove the saying that «oil is black gold».

1.upstream n

2.midstream п

3.downstream n

4.explore v

exploration n syn. prospecting

5.store v

storage n

6.process v

processing n

7.origin n originate

v

8.bury v

9.layer n

syn. stratum (pi bed

Words to the text «01L BUSINESS»

поисково-разведочные и нефтепромысловые работы (первичные отрасли нефт. хозяйства) транспортировка, хранение углелеводородов

ипереработка газа (вторичные отрасли нефт. хозяйства)

11.rock л

source rock reservoir rock

10. mud л

Petroleum Engineering

33

п		ogists explore the Arctic regions, разведка
е		(геол.), исследование the exploration of
р		the ocean depths хранить
е		It's easy to store any information in a computer. 1)
р		хранилище, 2) хранение
а		1) Vegetables are kept in a cold storage.
б		2) Refrigerators are used for the storage of food. 1)
о		обрабатывать 2) перерабатывать
т		1) The data were processed by the computer.
к		2) Certain raw materials are processed with chemicals before they
а		can be used.
н		1) обработка 2) переработка
е		1) data processing
ф		2) There are several methods of gas processing,
т		происхождение
и		The word "geology" is of Latin origin,
,		происходить, возникать
м		When did this tradition originate?
а		1) захоронить, 2) погружать, закапывать
р		1) Isaac Newton, the outstanding British scientist, is buried in
к		Westminster Abbey in London.
е		слой, пласт
т	strata)
и
н		the bottom layer the
г		ozone layer
и		The formation is composed of a number of sand layers. 1) ил, 2)
		буровой раствор
р		1) Mud settles on the river bottom.
е		2) The drilling mud is used to clean the well,
а		порода
л		Rocks consist of minerals,
и		материнская порода
з		порода-коллектор
а		cap rock
ц		sedimentary rock
и	12.	oil hunter л
я
р	13.	oil (gas) pool л syn. oil accumulation
а		oil deposit
з	14.	fulfil v
в
е
д	15. permeable a permeability л
ы
в	16. pore л porosity л porous a
а
т	17. trap л trap v
ь
	G
e	18.	entrapment л
o
l	19. extract v syn. produce
		Petroleum Engineering	34»

recover

20.survey л

21.tool л

перекрывающая порода (покрышка) осадочная порода разведчик недр, поисковик

Geologists looking for oil are often called oil hunters, залежь нефти

(газа), месторождение

выполнять, осуществлять

John works as an administrator at the University and fulfills his duties well,

проницаемый

These rocks are permeable to water,

проницаемость, фильтрация (геол.)

Permeability is a characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks, nypa Pores are tiny openings through which fluids may pass, пористость Rock porosity is a physical characteristic of a formation, пористый Oil accumulates in porous rocks, ловушка

The door closed behind them and they were caught in a trap,

захватывать

In solar batteries there are special glass panels trapping heat from the Sun. захват, улавливание,

задержка

entrapment of nuclear particles (water, air, dust, etc.) извлекать,

добывать

The company has the right to extract hydrocarbons on the North Caspian shelf, разведка,

исследование, зд. съемка

The aerial survey of the region was made from an aircraft, инструмент,

метод

power tools - автоматические инструменты

A word processor is an important tool for a journalist.

22.favourable а

23.well я wildcat n exploratory well discovery well dry hole appraisal well development well

24.subsequent а

25.logging л

26.once conj

27.site n site v

28.rig/?

29.derrick л

30.technique/]

31.sophisticated а

Petroleum Engineering

35»

32. recovery syn. extraction

production

recover v

33. flow л

n благоприятный, подходящий

She got a favourable report on her work,

скважина разведочная поисковая скважина разведочная

поисковая скважина скважина, открывшая новое месторождение непродуктивная скважина оценочная скважина эксплуатационная скважина последующий

subsequent events каротаж

(ГИС)

The logging data are reliable, зд.когда Once he arrives we can start.

площадка, местоположение

The company is looking for a site for its new office, располагать,

размещать

The new sports center is to be sited in our district, буровая установка - see Fig. 2 буровая вышка

There exist two types of derricks: movable and stationary, метод,

методика, технология

Nowadays there are new techniques for teaching languages, сложный Geophysical surveys are based on very sophisticated mathematical techniques, добыча

The current oil recovery reaches 34,000 b/d. _ 1) добывать, 2)

восстанавливать

1)to recover oil from a well

2)Thanks to the new method of processing the metal recovered its original properties.

течение, поток

The equipment should control the water flow.

Petroleum Engineering

36»

Unit 2

Petroleum Engineering

37

	natural	flow	фонтанирование скважины течь, протекать
	flow v		The river flows between the high banks,
			насос
34.	pump n		Pumps are used to force water from a well,
			искусственный
35.	artificial	a
syn. man-made			artificial isotopes, flowers средство(а)
			The quickest means of travel is by plane,
36.	means n		трубопровод
			Oil is transported by pipelines.
37.	p i p e l i n e / /

Ex. 15 Read the text, find Infinitives and state their forms and functions.

Oil Business

Parti

Do you know that nowadays speaking about all the activities connected with oil and gas business the petroleum experts use three terms: upstream, midstream and downstream.

	Upstream		Midstrea	Downstrea
	I		m I	m
oil	and	gas	transportation, storage,	refining,
exploration,		drilling	gas processing	distribution,
and	production			marketing

To start the story of oil business one should know something about the origin of petroleum.

Most geologists believe that oil is of organic origin, i.e. (that is), it originated from decomposition of mainly marine animals and plants buried under thick layers of mud perhaps as long as 400 - 500 million years ago. These deposits rich in organic material became the source rocks (sedimentary rocks) for the generation of crude oil. High temperatures and pressures in the sedimentary rocks caused chemical processes that, in turn, resulted in the formation of a waxy substance called kerogen. When heated to a temperature above 100° С kerogen is separated into a liquid (oil) and gas (natural gas). The chemical composition of petroleum is principally hydrocarbons, although a few sulphur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds are usually present.

To look for and to find petroleum is the art of exploration. According to the theories of petroleum origin sedimentary basins are a prime aim for the oil hunters. In general, to form oil and gas pools the following conditions must be fulfilled. First, the presence of a "source rock" which geologic history

allowed the formation of oil. Second, migration of the oil from the source rock to a «reservoir rock» that is thick, permeable and porous enough to hold a sizable accumulation of oil. TTurd, entrapment. Waters and pressure of overlying layers pushed oil upward until it reached an impermeable layer of rock called a cap rock. A cap rock stops further migration of oil and oil is thus trapped in a reservoir. It is from these reservoirs that people began extracting oil and gas millions of years later.

It should be noted that successful exploration is based on an accurate interpretation of the infonnation to be provided by geological and geophysical surveys. Seismic prospecting rmmrnizes exploration risk and reduces finding costs. Using complicated tools geologists identify potential traps for oil and gas.

Drilling can prove the presence of oil after the geologists and geophysicists have found a favourable location for the accumulation of oil. All wells drilled to discover oil and gas accumulations are "exploratory wells", commonly referred to as "wildcats". A successful wildcat is a "discovery well", while an unsuccessful one is a "dry hole".

After oil has been discovered the first wells to be drilled to establish the limits of the field are "appraisal wells". All subsequent wells are "development wells". To determine the reservoir and oil properties geophysical investigations (logging) are to be conducted in the wells. If the first wells "prove" an oilfield, the data from them are used in drawing up plans for the commercial development of the field.

Unit 2

Part II

Once oil is found it must be extracted. After the drilling site has been prepared the rig is to be constructed. The rig is known to consist of surface equipment and a derrick which houses drilling tools. The derrick is used to lift sections of pipe which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. To get oil and gas out of the ground is not easy.

Sophisticated techniques and equipment must be used to extract the most out of every oil and gas deposit. Experts consider oil recovery to depend in much on natural pressure. Under natural pressure oil flows freely and it is called the natural flow. It is the most economic period of a well life. If oil wells have too little energy to produce oil efficiently, additional energy must be supplied by pumps or other artificial means.

Cmde oil must be transported from the fields where it is produced to the places where it is consumed. Pipelines are likely to be the main means of oil transportation. But tankers, barges, tank trucks, and railroad tank cars are thought to be of no less importance. The latest discoveries of welding methods, construction practices and new materials have extended pipeline transportation into harsh environments and deep waters. All the means of transportation carry oil from wells to storage tanks or directly to refineries. Pipelines also carry petroleum products from refineries to markets. Some of the largest pipelines are to carry more than a million barrels of oil daily.

The basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful products. As mentioned above, crude oil consists chiefly of hydrocarbons. Refineries are to separate oil into various hydrocarbon groups, or fractions, distillation being the first step of refining. The fractions are then chemically changed and treated with other substances. The refining processes may be classified as separation, conversion and chemical treatment. The latest improvements in refining may be said to have saved billions ofbarrels of crude.

Distribution and marketing appear to be the final links in the petroleum industry chain that begins hundreds of meters below the ground and ends in your home.

Ex.16 Translate the pairs of words. Mind the negative prefixes de-, dis-; unS non-, ir-, in-, im-, il-.

composition—decomposition to form—to deform to color—to decolorize to prove—to disprove to appear—to disappear ability—disability successful—unsuccessful favourable—unfavourable broken—unbroken homogeneous—non-homogeneous porous—non-porous

regular—irregular rational—irrational responsible—irresponsible organic—inorganic accurate—inaccurate human—inhuman possible—impossible permeable—impermeable moral—immoral logical—illogical legal—illegal

corrosive—non-corrosive Ex. 17 Find synonyms to the following words and word

combinations in the text.
1. prospecting п	8. geophysical investigation in the
2. oil explorer	well
3. keep	9. instrument
4. come from	10. exploratory well
5. bed	11. place n
6. oil accumulation	12. produce
7. investigation	13. man-made
	14. enlarge

Ex.18 a) Find English equivalents in the text.

1.специалисты нефтегазового профиля

2.еще млн. лет назад

3.в свою очередь

4.воскообразные вещества

5.разведчики недр

6.значительные скопления

7.вышележащие пласты

8.снижать стоимость поисково-разведочных работ

9.разведочная скважина, пробуренная без предварительной съемки Ю.составлять план промышленной разработки месторождения

Petroleum Engineering

39

Unit 2

11.буровая площадка

12. с ложные методы

13.во многом зависеть от 14,естественное давление 15.фонтанирование 1б.срок эксплуатации скважины

17.возможности транспортировки по трубопроводу

40	Petroleum Engineering