Active Vocabulary:

position - положение, место

jack - домкрат

rope - веревка, канат

cableway - канатная дорога

fork lift truck - погрузчик с вилочным захватом

pallet - поддон

palletize - пакетировать

quay crane - портальный кран

stack - складывать, складировать

appliance - приспособление, прибор

ensure - обеспечивать, гарантировать

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1. What are factories and building plants equipped with now?

2. What kind of work do various mechanisms perform?

3. How many groups of materials handling equipment are there?

4. What machines does hoisting equipment include?

5. What kinds of conveying equipment do you know?

6. What machines does load handling equipment include?

7. How are most materials handled?

8. What machines are pallets handled by?

9. What loads are handled by cranes?

Exercise 2.Define the functions of Participles and translate the following sentences:

1. There are driven machines and driving or power machines.

2. Palletized loads can be handled by cranes.

3. Machines are used to actuate the operating members employed to change

properties, condition, shape or position of the material being handled.

4. Operating the crane the mechanic should be attentive.

5. The first bulldozers were adapted from farm tractors.

6. The conveyor system is positioned as required.

7. During the 20-th century diesel-powered rollers were gradually replacing their

steam-powered counterparts.

8. Initial compaction is done using pneumatic-tyred rollers.

9. Self-powered rollers have replaced horse-drawn ones.

Exercise 3.Translate the following sentences, paying attention to Absolute Participle Construction:

1. The engineer testing a new type of the bridge crane, the builders helped him.

2. Prefabricated flooring is widely used, cranes being employed to lift concrete

slabs.

3. The oil being of high quality, the lubrication will be efficient.

4. Conveyors being driven by electric power, a motor is the main part of the

equipment.

5. All machines have some energy loss, that energy being converted into useless

heat due to friction.

6. The lifting appliances include stationary and mobile cranes, some of them being

mounted on rubber-tyred wheels.

7. Cranes lifting great weights are usually operated by two motors, one motor

giving the lifting power and the other moving the crane itself.

8. The structure being very high, the builders used giant cranes.

Exercise 4.Translate the text without a dictionary:

Text B

LOAD HANDLING DEVICES

Loads are lifted by means of simple solid hooks. To handle small loads (up to 3 tons in weight) a hook may be attached directly to the free end of the rope.

Overhead travelling cranes employ multiple pulley systems in which two ropes run onto a drum symmetrically reducing thus the swinging of the load carried by a travelling crane.

Jacks, winches and hoists are widely used as hoisting equipment.

A jack is the simplest load lifting appliance for raising a load to a small height. There are mechanical and hydraulic jacks, the latter ones have the advantage of easy operation and high capacity.

Winches are widespread in the construction industry and are available in variety of designs.

A hoist is a simple suspension type mechanism of small size. It is used mainly for assembling machines. There are hand-operated and electric hoists. They can handle from 0.25 to 10 tons of load. The height to which the hook of a travelling electric hoist can be raised ranges from 6 to 18 metres, the travelling speed being 20 m/min.

Notes:

solid - твердый, сплошной

multiple - многократный, многочисленный

drum - барабан, цилиндр

swing - качать(-ся), колебать(-ся)

Unit 3

Grammar: Conditional Clauses;

Polysemantic Words

Text A

BULLDOZERS

The first bulldozers were adapted from farm tractors. Their versatility in soft ground for logging and road building led directly to their becoming the tank in World War I.

In 1923, a young farmer named James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod made the first designs for a bulldozer. A replica is on display at the city park in Morrowville, Kansas where the two built the first bulldozer.

By the 1920s, tracked vehicles became common, particularly the Caterpillar 60. To dig canals, raise earth dams, and do other earthmoving jobs, these tractors were equipped with a large thick metal plate in front. This metal plate (it got its curved shape later) is called a "blade". The blade peels layers of soil and pushes it forward as the tractor advances. Several specialized blades have been developed: blades for high volume loads such as coal, rakes to remove only larger boulders, or blades with razor sharp edges to cut tree stumps. In some early models the driver sat on top in the open without a cabin. These attachments, home built or by small equipment manufacturers of attachments for wheeled and crawler tractors and trucks, appeared by 1929. Widespread acceptance of the bull-grader does not seem to appear before the mid-1930s. It had become the preferred excavation machine for large and small contractors by the 1940s, by which time the term "bulldozer" referred to the entire machine and not just the attachment.

Over the years, bulldozers got bigger and more powerful to meet the demand for equipment suited for ever larger earthworks. Firms like Caterpillar, Komatsu, Fiat-Allis, John Deere, International Harvester, Case, Liebherr, Terex and JCB manufactured large tracked-type earthmoving machines.

Bulldozers grew more complex as time passed. Important improvements include more powerful engines, more reliable drive trains, better tracks, raised cabins, and hydraulic (instead of early models' cable operated) arms that enable more precise manipulation of the blade and automated controls. As an option, bulldozers can be equipped with rear ripper claw(s) to loosen rocky soils or to break up pavement (roads). A more recent innovation is outfitting of bulldozers with GPS technology, such as manufactured by Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc., Trimble Inc, or Mikrofyn for precise grade control.

The best known maker of bulldozers is probably Caterpillar which earned its reputation for making durable reliable machines. There are however other manufacturers of bulldozers for instance Fiat, Komatsu or Allis Chalmers. Although these machines began as modified farm tractors, they became the mainstay for big civil construction projects, and found their way into use by military construction units world-wide. Their best known model is the Caterpillar D9.