English for Technical Students. Part 1

10.How does a Trojan differ from a virus?

4.Complete the tables. Pay attention to the parts of speech the words belong to.

Noun	Verb		Noun	Adjective
cause	1		16	various
continuation	2		destruction	17
display	3		fair	18
4	harm		19	harmless
load	5		relative	20
patch	6		resident	21
7	place		simplicity	22
8	relate
remainder	9
replacement	10
11	reside
return	12
run	13
14	simplify
15	vary

5. Match the words with a similar meaning.
1. relative	a) to go on
2. dormant	b) ruinous
3. to remain	c) to show
4. to run	d) asleep
5. harm	e) to help
6. to load	f) significant
7. to continue	g) damage
8. to take place	h) to shelter
9. to enable	i) to download
10. a variety of	j) appropriate
11. destructive	k) to be
12. to hide	l) to substitute
13. to display	m) to carry out
14. fair	n) to happen
15. to replace	o) a lot of
6. Match the words with an opposite meaning.
1. dormant	a) to stop
2. to remain	b) lifesaving

3. harm	c) to hide
4. to load	d) awake
5. simple	e) unfair
6. to return	f) benefit
7. to display	g) to delete
8. destructive	h) not to be
9. to continue	i) to go away
10. fair	j) difficult

7. Match the words to have word combinations. Look through the information about the anatomy of a virus if it‟s necessary.

1. to remain	a) harm
2. a variety	b) the process
3. to cause	c) payload
4. relatively	d) a message
5. to enable	e) to hide itself
6. to replace	f) joke
7. fairly harmless	g) into memory
8. to load	h) trigger and payload
9. simple	i) the operating system
10. destructive	j) harmless
11. to take	k) dormant
12. to continue	l) the first instruction
13. to return control	m) to the host program
14. to run	n) an infected program
15. to display	o) organism
16. to stay	p) resident
17. to patch	q) place
18. misdirection, reproduction,	r) of forms

8. Some verbs beginning or ending with en have a causative meaning. Replace the words in italics in these sentences with the appropriate form of en verb from this list.

enable	encrypt	ensure
encode	enhance	brighten
encourage	enlarge	widen

1.A MIDI message makes sound into code as 8-bit bytes of digital information.

2.The teacher is using a new program to give courage to children to write stories.

3.The new version of SimCity has been made better in many ways.

4.A gateway makes it possible for dissimilar networks to communicate.

5.You can convert data to secret code to make it secure.

6.Make sure the machine is disconnected before you remove the case.

7.Designers can offer good ideas for making your website brighter.

8.Electronic readers allow you to make the print size larger.

9.Programmers write software which makes the computer able to carry out particular tasks.

10.You can make the picture on your monitor wider.

Language Study. Cause and Effect.

What is the relationship between these actions?

1.A date or event occurs.

2.The trigger routine runs.

3.The payload routine activates.

4.The hard disk is wiped.

These events form part of a cause and effect chain. We can describe the links between each event in a number of ways:

1.Using cause + to V or make + V.

1.A date or event occurs which causes the trigger routine to run.

2.A date or event occurs which makes the trigger routine run.

2.Putting the events in sequence and using a causative verb.

3.The trigger routine runs, which activates the payload routine.

3.Using a when clause.

4.When the trigger routine runs, the payload routine activates.

9.Describe how these viruses work in short texts, using different links.

1.logic bomb – example

aA dismissed employee’s name is deleted from the company’s payroll.

bA logic bomb is activated.

cAll payroll records are destroyed.

2.Form (Boot sector virus)

aA certain date occurs.

bA trigger routine is activated.

cKeys beep when pressed and floppies are corrupted.

3.Beijing (Boot sector virus)

aThe operator starts up the computer for the one hundred and twenty-ninth time.

bA trigger routine is activated.

cThe screen displays, ‘Bloody! June 4, 1989’.

4.AntiEXE

aThe infected program is run.

bThe boot sector is corrupted.

cThe disk content is overwritten.

dData is lost.

5.Cascade (File virus – COM files only)

aA particular date occurs.

bThe payload is triggered.

cCharacters on a text mode screen slide down to the bottom.

6.macro virus – example

aAn infected document is opened in the wordprocessor.

bThe virus macro is executed.

cThe virus code is attached to the default template.

dThe user saves another document.

eThe virus code attaches to the saved document.

f The saved document is opened in the wordprocessor.

g The virus destroys data, displays a message or plays music.

Writing.

10. Find one more example of virus and write about its work.

11. Write the translation of the paragraph beginning with “To be a virus…” .

LESSON 14. SMART HOME

Lead-in.

1.Answer these questions.

-What is a Smart Home?

-Why are smart homes becoming more popular?

-What can you control with Smart Home System?

-Are they easy to operate?

Reading.

2.You are going to read some information about Smart Home system. Explain what these words and phrases mean.

home theater	home security
home networking	lighting
smart home	security alarm
entertainment	thermostat regulation
home automation	tech-savvy

3.Read the text and complete the text with words from task 2.

When you're not home, nagging little doubts can start to crowd your mind. Did I turn the coffee maker off? Did I set the 1) … ? Are the kids doing their homework or watching television?

With a 2) … , you could quiet all of these worries with a quick trip online. When you're home, the house takes care of you by playing your favorite song whenever you walk in or instantaneously dimming the lights for a movie. Is it magic? No, it's 3) … . Smart homes connect all the devices and appliances in your home so they can communicate with each other and with you.

Anything in your home that uses electricity can be put on the home network and at your command. Whether you give that command by voice, remote control or computer, the home reacts. Most applications relate to 4) … , 5) … , 6) … and 7) … and 8) … .

The idea of a smart home might make you think of George Jetson and his futuristic abode or maybe Bill Gates, who spent more than $100 million building his

smart home. Once a draw for the 9) … or the wealthy, smart homes and home automation are becoming more common. About $14 billion was spent on 10) … in 2005, and analysts predict that figure will climb to more than $85 billion by 2011.

4.Work with your partner and make a list of benefits or challenges connected with Smart Home systems.

5.Check that you know these words and phrases from the second text.

compatible	routing
receiver	initiate
transmitter	proprietary
issue a message	licensing fee
interpret	broadcast
numerical code	pick up
radio wave	dual mesh network
emerge	peers
electronic interference	fully functional device
mesh network	receptor
prominent	instigator
embed	reduced function device

6.Read the text and complete the table about technologies used in Home networking.

Technology	Way of communicating	Special features	Limitations
X10
ZigBee
Z-Wave
Insteon

Smart Home Software and Technology

1.Smart home technology was developed in 1975, when a company in Scotland developed X10. X10 allows compatible products to talk to each other over the already existing electrical wires of a home. All the appliances and devices are receivers, and the means of controlling the system, such as remote controls or keypads, are transmitters. If you want to turn off a lamp in another room, the transmitter will issue a message in numerical code that includes the following:

An alert to the system that it's issuing a command,

An identifying unit number for the device that should receive the command and

A code that contains the actual command, such as "turn off."

2.All of this is designed to happen in less than a second, but X10 does have some limitations. Communicating over electrical lines is not always reliable because the

lines get "noisy" from powering other devices. An X10 device could interpret electronic interference as a command and react, or it might not receive the command at all. While X10 devices are still around, other technologies have emerged to compete for your home networking dollar.

3.Instead of going through the power lines, some systems use radio waves to communicate, which is also how WiFi and cell phone signals operate. However, home automation networks don't need all the juice of a WiFi network because automation commands are short messages. The two most prominent radio networks in home automation are ZigBee and Z-Wave. Both of these technologies are mesh networks, meaning there's more than one way for the message to get to its destination.

4.Z-Wave uses a Source Routing Algorithm to determine the fastest route for messages. Each Z-Wave device is embedded with a code, and when the device is plugged into the system, the network controller recognizes the code, determines its location and adds it to the network. When a command comes through, the controller uses the algorithm to determine how the message should be sent. Because this routing can take up a lot of memory on a network, Z-Wave has developed a hierarchy between devices: Some controllers initiate messages, and some are "slaves," which means they can only carry and respond to messages.

5.ZigBee's name illustrates the mesh networking concept because messages from the transmitter zigzag like bees, looking for the best path to the receiver. While Z- Wave uses a proprietary technology for operating its system, ZigBee's platform is based on the standard set by the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for wireless personal networks. This means any company can build a ZigBeecompatible product without paying licensing fees for the technology behind it, which may eventually give ZigBee an advantage in the marketplace. Like Z-Wave, ZigBee has fully functional devices (or those that route the message) and reduced function devices (or those that don't).

6.Using a wireless network provides more flexibility for placing devices, but like electrical lines, they might have interference. Insteon offers a way for your home network to communicate over both electrical wires and radio waves, making it a dual mesh network. If the message isn't getting through on one platform, it will try the other. Instead of routing the message, an Insteon device will broadcast the message, and all devices pick up the message and broadcast it until the command is performed. The devices act like peers, as opposed to one serving as an instigator and another as a receptor. This means that the more Insteon devices that are installed on a network, the stronger the message will be.

7.Answer the questions on the text.

1)What is X10 and what does it do?

2)What does a numerical code consist of?

3)What is the limitation of X10?

4)What other technologies besides X10 are used by home automation networks?

5)What are the differences between Z-Wave and ZigBee?

6) How does Insteon work?

8.Match the words and phrases to make word collocations from the text.

	A	B
1)	to issue	a) device
2)	an identifying	b) a command
3)	to communicate	c) electronic interferences
4)	to interpret	d) to messages
5)	to plug	e) personal network
6)	to respond	f) peers
7)	wireless	g) unit number
8)	fully functional	h) over electrical lines
9)	a dual	i) into the system
10)to act like		j) mesh network

9.Find the words with the similar meaning to the following:

1.alarm (para 1)

2.shortage (para 2)

3.to appear (para 2)

4.popular, common (para 3)

5.to sense (para 4)

6.to define (para 4)

7.track (para 5)

8.to transfer (para 6)

10.In the text there are several phrases with “message”. What do they mean?

Which of them are synonyms? Make sentences with them.

- to issue a message	- to send a message
- to initiate a message	- to carry a message
- to respond to a message	- to rout a message
- to broadcast a message	- to pick up a message

11.What do you think the author mean by these words?

1.… to talk to each other …

2.… home networking dollar …

3.… all the juice of a WiFi network …

Grammar. Phrasal Verbs.

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition, any of which are part of the

syntax of the sentence, and so is a complete semantic unit. A phrasal verb often has a meaning which is different from the original verb. Phrasal verbs are usually used informally in everyday speech.

Eg: to get out = to exit to pick up = to lift

to give up = to stop doing something

12.Find phrasal verbs in the text which mean the following:

1.to disconnect (para 1)

2.to be in active use (para 2)

3.to reach (para 3)

4.to activate by connecting to smth (para 4)

5.to achieve a goal (para 4)

6.to occupy (para 4)

7.to pass (para 6)

8.to receive (para 6)

13.Change the sentences so that they had phrasal verbs in the box.

to put off to give up to take up to turn off to get through to get over to top up to run out to let smb through

1.He decided to stop smoking and start doing some sport.

2.After examining the patient, the doctor disconnected the equipment.

3.They postponed the meeting because the spokesman was seriously ill.

4.In an hour she could reach him.

5.I hope you’ll recover from your operation quickly.

6.His money on the telephone finished and he decided to put some on the account.

7.The police allowed him to pass after they looked at his documents.

Language Study. Reduced time clauses

Study these two actions:

1.Ground waves pass over sand.

2.Ground waves lose energy.

We can link these actions to make one sentence, using a time clause:

When ground waves pass over sand, they lose energy.

Because the subject of both actions is the same – ground waves – there is a shorter method we can use to link the actions:

When passing over sand, ground waves lose energy.

When + -ing shows that Action 2 happens during the same period as Action 1.

Now study these two actions:

1.The sky wave strikes the earth.

2.The sky wave bounces back again.

Again we can link these actions to make one sentence, using a time clause:

When the sky wave strikes the earth, it bounces back again. We can also link the actions in a shorter way:

On striking the earth, the sky wave bounces back again.

On + -ing shows that Action 2 follows immediately after Action 1.

14. Link these pairs of actions. Use short ways when this is possible.

1.a The switch is closed.

b Current flows through the primary of the transformer.

2.a The radar signal strikes a plane. b The radar signal is reflected.

3.a A cell discharges quickly. b A cell may become hot.

4.a The TV receives signals from the remote control. b The TV follows your instructions.

5.a The radar receiver receives the reflected signal.

b The signal is compared with the transmitted signal.

6.a You choose a course in electronics.

b You think carefully about your future.

7.a Microwave signals strike a high building. b Microwave signals are deflected.

8.a You make a recording.

b You should ensure the recording levels are satisfactory.

9.a The alarm detects an intruder.

b The alarm triggers an audible warning.

10.a The remote control button is pressed. b The television set changes channel.

15.Translate paragraphs 4, 5 or 6 into Russian.