English for Technical Students. Part 1

The –ing form is also used after prepositions. This includes to when it is a preposition and not part of the infinitive. For example:

4.Without the user being aware of the details, the operating system manages the computer’s resources.

5.We begin by focusing on the interaction between a user and a PC operating system.

6.We look forward to having cheaper and faster computers.

14. Rewrite each of these sentences like this.

An important function of the operating system is to manage the computer’s resources.

– Managing the computer’s resources is an important function of the operating system.

1.One task of the supervisor program is to load into memory non-resident programs as required.

2.The role of the operating system is to communicate directly with the hardware.

3.One of the key functions of the operating system is to establish a user interface.

4.An additional role is to provide services for applications software.

5.Part of the work of mainframe operating systems is to support multiple programs and users.

6.The task in most cases is to facilitate interaction between a single user and a PC.

7.One of the most important functions of a computer is to process large amounts of data quickly.

8.The main reason for installing more memory is to allow the computer to process data faster.

15. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb: infinitive or –ing form.

1.Don’t switch off without (close down) your PC.

2.I want to (upgrade) my computer.

3.He can’t get used to (log on) with a password.

4.You can find information on the Internet by (use) a search engine.

5.He objected to (pay) expensive telephone calls for Internet access.

6.He tried to (hack into) the system without (know) the password.

7.You needn’t learn how to (program) in HTML before (design) webpages.

8.I look forward to (input) data by voice instead of (use) a keyboard.

LESSON 12. WEBPAGE CREATORS

Lead-in.

1. What is URL? Study this URL. Work with your partner and decide which part of the address tells you:

1.the university is in the UK?

2.this is a webpage?

3.the type of transmission standard your browser must use to access the data?

4.this point to the computer where the webpage is stored?

5.this is where the webpage is stored in the computer?

6.this is a university?

7.this uses the Web service?

Speaking.

2. Study these seven points for evaluating websites. Enumerate them from 1 to 7 according to the importance. Work with your partner and explain your choice.

Design	Ease of use	Up to date	Compatibility
Navigation	Accuracy	Helpful graphics

3. Think about an example of a good website and a bad website and analyze them by the points of evaluating websites from task 4.

Listening.

4. You are going to listen to John who lives in North Dakota. He talks about his website. Listen to the interview with John and complete this table about John‟s site.

SITE NAME

TOPIC

SITE ADDRESS

WHY SPECAL

LAST UPDATED

5. These are some words and phrases from the interview which you may not know. Clear up their meaning.

distinction	film noir
accuracy	to put up a couple of websites
helpful	domain
compatibility	to persevere
to be up smb’s site	as often as possible
to notice	to hope
certain	to discover
to dedicate	to pick a topic
to guess	to intend
layout	a wealth of
particular	probably

6.Listen to the interview again and answer these questions.

1.Why did John choose this topic?

2.Which company produces Dreamweaver?

3.What previous experience did he have of website creation?

4.What’s the price of his ‘free’ domain name?

5.What does he mean by ‘Yahoo! just seems to swallow submissions’?

6.What do you think Yahoo! Clubs are?

7.List 4 tips he gives for other website builders.

8.List 3 website addresses he mentions.

7. Read the statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.John’s site is about movies.

2.John made the site because his brother is a huge movie fan.

3.The site is only about the horror movies.

4.The design is the most difficult part in creating the site.

5.The site doesn’t include links to other sites.

6.John thinks that some Yahoo! Clubs have linked to his site.

7.John’s studies don’t leave him a lot of time to update the site.

8.John doesn’t give some pieces of advice to the others who want to create a homepage.

9.John’s site has several sections.

10.John’s site is not his favourite.

Reading and Vocabulary.

8. Now read the interview in the Appendix and find English equivalents in the information above and in the interview.

1.	однако		24. сложный
2.	один и тот же		25. страница
3.	данные		26. создавать
4.	аппаратное обеспечение		27. главный
5.	программное обеспечение		28. цена
6.	снабжать, обеспечивать		29. объявление, реклама
7.	через		30. посылать, отправлять
8.	взаимосвязанные		31. регистрировать
9.	ресурсы, средства		32. включать
10.		соединять	33. другой
11.		пара	34.	так как
12. рецензия			35. тратить
13. тема			36. вносить изменения
14. огромный			37. в течение недели
15. долгое время			38. вообще, обычно
16. прямо сейчас			39. до сих пор
17. особенный			40. кроме
18. меньше, менее			41. знать
19. формальный			42. электронное письмо
20. уникальный			43. совет
21. много, множество			44. творить, создавать
22. жанр			45. быть заинтересованным в
23. достаточно, довольно			46. любимый

9. Complete the tables. Pay attention to the parts of speech the words belong to.

Noun	Verb
1	couple
dedication	2
discovery	3
guess	4
5	help
hope	6
intend	7
notice	8
9	particularize
perseverance	10
pick	11

Noun	Adjective
12	accurate
certainty	13
14	dedicated
15	distinct
help	16
17	hopeful
18	intended
19	noticeable
particularity	20
possibility	21
22	topical
23	wealthy

10. Match the words with a similar meaning.

1. to pick	a) precision
2. to dedicate	b) to devote
3. to discover	c) to find out
4. a wealthy of	d) useful
5. to notice	e) to want
6. to put up	f) to observe
7. accuracy	g) special
8. particular	h) to choose
9. helpful	i) to place
10. to hope	j) a lot of

11. Match the words with an opposite meaning.

1. certain	a) approximate
2. to hope	b) many
3. helpful	c) similarity
4. possible	d) to mistake
5. probably	e) helpless
6. to persevere	f) to be in despair
7. a wealthy of	g) to laze
8. couple	h) impossible
9. to guess	i) impossibly
10. distinction	j) a little

12. Match the words to have word combinations.

1. particular	a) and compatibility
2. accuracy	b) sb’s site
3. without much	c) to the subject
4. to intend	d) engine
5. to notice	e) name
6. helpful	f) noirs
7. a wealth	g) graphics
8. to make	h) to do next
9. domain	i) the layout
10. films	j) about films
11. as often	k) as possible
12. search	l) actors or genres
13. to be up	m) a topic
14. to put up	n) a couple of sites
15. to dedicate the site	o) of information
16. to pick	p) distinction

13. Read the information. What is the difference between the terms „Internet‟ and „World Wide Web‟?

The terms ‘Internet’ and ‘World Wide Web’ are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure which provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources linked by hyperlinks and URLs (Uniform Resource Locator).

Grammar. Expressing Future.

You can talk about the future in different ways:

1)If you talk about plans and arrangements, you can use “going to” or Present

Continuous.

I’m going to update the Movie Journal section…

2)If you talk about predictions and opinions, you can use Future Simple with

“will”.

…After more people discover the site I’ll start to get more reactions by email.

3)If you talk about wishes, you can use “would like”.

I’d like to build in new links.

14.Answer the questions about your future.

1.What are you going to do after the lessons today?

2.Where are you going to spend next weekend?

3.What would you like to do at Sport lessons in our university?

4.Do you think the weather will be cold tomorrow?

5.Do you think students will use only computers on the lessons in 10 years time?

6.Are you doing anything special this week?

7.What language would you like to study besides English?

8.Are you going to phone your parents tonight?

Language Study. Would

Study this extract from the interview.

I What do you intend to do next with your site?

J I’m going to update the Movie Journal section and I’d like to build in new links.

Why doesn’t John say, ‘and I’m going to build in new links’?

Later John says,

… my favourite site would have to be the Internet Movie Database.

Why doesn’t he say, ‘my favourite site has to be the Internet Movie Database’?

We use would in conditional sentences of the 2nd type. They express unreal, imaginary situation in the present or future. For example:

If you spilled coffee on the keyboard, you would damage it.

Often the condition is implied, not stated. For example:

(If I had time) I’d like to build in new links.

(If I had to make a choice) my favourite site would have to be the Internet Movie Database.

What is the implied condition in this extract?

I would look at other sites too for good ideas.

15. Complete the gaps in this interview with will or would or the reduced forms ’ll and ’d where appropriate.

A:What (1) _____ you do when you finish your diploma?

B:I (2) _____ like to take a course in multimedia.

A:How long (3) _____ that take?

B:If I choose the certificate, it (4) _____ take 6 months but if I chose the

A:master’s, it (5) _____ take a full year.

B:What (6) _____ be the advantages of the master’s?

A:I guess I (7) _____ have better jobs prospects.

B:When (8) _____ you decide?

It depends on my finals. If I do well, I (9) _____ go for the master’s.

16.Here is a part of an interview with Alex. Fill in the blanks with will or would or the reduced forms ’ll and ’d where appropriate.

I:What (1) _____ you do when you leave college?

A:I hope to work in local television.

I:What kind of work (2) _____ you like to do?

A:I (3) _____ like to be a sound technician. That (4) _____ give me a chance to work with a camera team on location.

I:Is there any other kind of work you (5) _____ enjoy?

A:Maybe working for a recording studio. But it all depends on my exams.

I:When (6) _____ you take your finals?

A:In June.

I:And how soon after that (7) _____ you start applying for jobs?

A:I’ve already started.

Writing.

17. Answer the questions with the 2nd conditional sentences.

1.What would you do if you won a lot of money?

2.What would you do if you got a very expensive present from your close friend?

3.What would be different in your life if you were a man/woman?

18.Write a text about how you imagine your future career

-where you would like to live and why

-where you would like to work and why

-what sort of work you would like to have

-experience and skills you have

-how you imagine your working day

-etc.

LESSON 13. VIRUS

Lead-in.

1. a) What are the most common computing problems of yours? Mark them from 1 to 6 (1 is the most common one). How do you cope with these problems? b) Can you tell about any virus?

Viruses	Computer hangs
Monitor problems	Printer problems
Mouse problems	Computer crashes

Reading and Vocabulary.

2. You are going to read the text about computer viruses. Check that you know these words and expressions.

simple	a variety of
to cause	relative
harm	to display
to patch	destructive
to enable	to replace
to run	to return
to load into memory	to hide
resident	trigger
to continue	to take place
to remain	payload
dormant	fair

3.Read the information about the anatomy of a virus and answer the questions after the text.

The Anatomy of a Virus

A biological virus is a very small, simple organism that infects living cells, known as the host, by attaching itself to them and using them to reproduce itself. This often causes harm to the host cells.

Similarly, a computer virus is a very small program routine that infects a computer system and uses its resources to reproduce itself. It often does this by patching the operating system to enable it to detect program files, such as COM or EXE files. It then copies itself into those files. This sometimes causes harm to the host computer system.

When the user runs an infected program, it is loaded into memory carrying the virus. The virus uses a common programming technique to stay resident in memory.

It can then use a reproduction routine to infect other programs. This process continues until the computer is switched off.

The virus may also contain a payload that remains dormant until a trigger event activates it, such as the user pressing a particular key. The payload can have a variety of forms. It might do something relatively harmless such as displaying a message on the monitor screen or it might do something more destructive such as deleting files on the hard disk.

When it infects a file, the virus replaces the first instruction in the host program with a command that changes the normal execution sequence. This type of command is known as a JUMP command and causes the virus instructions to be executed before the host program. The virus then returns control to the host program which then continues with its normal sequence of instructions and is executed in the normal way.

To be a virus, a program only needs to have a reproduction routine that enables it to infect other programs. Viruses can, however, have four main parts. A misdirection routine that enables it to hide itself; a reproduction routine that allows it to copy itself to other programs; a trigger that causes the payload to be activated at a particular time or when a particular event takes place; and a payload that may be a fairly harmless joke or may be very destructive. A program that has a payload but does not have a reproduction routine is known as a Trojan.

1.How are computer viruses like biological viruses?

2.What is the effect of a virus patching the operating system?

3.Why are some viruses designed to be loaded into memory?

4.What examples of payload does the writer provide?

5.What kind of programs do viruses often attach to?

6.What is the function of the Jump instruction?

7.What are the main parts of the virus code?

8.What is the last act of the virus?

9.Match each virus routine to its function.

Routine	Function
1 misdirection	a) does the damage
2 reproduction	b) attaches a copy of itself to another program
3 trigger	c) hides the presence of the code
4 payload	d) decides when and how to activate the payload