English for Technical Students. Part 1

intruder or a low room temperature.	automatically to summon assistance
	to ill people’s location.
	j) Personal alarms attract attention and
	scare off an assailant.

Speaking.

12. Think about these situations and what you will do in each of them. Then talk to your partner and find out his ideas.

1.What will you do if you find that someone has used your computer without your permission?

2.What will you do if your friend lied to you?

3.You are traveling in the bus. What will you do if you see someone stealing a mobile phone from another person’s pocket?

4.What will you do if you feel very sleepy in the morning before going to university?

5.What will you do if spend all your money and don’t have any?

Writing.

13. Translate the paragraph which your teacher will give you.

Technical Reading.

14. Read and translate the text.

Three stages of a simple alarm system.

The first stage is a sensing device that changes its resistance when it detects a particular from of energy. For example, a microphone can be used to detect sound, a thermistor to detect heat, or an LDR (light-dependant resistor) to detect light.

The second stage is an electronic switch. In its simplest form it could be a single transistor. The transistor switches between cut-off and saturation as the input resistance changes.

The third stage is an output transducer which is switched off and on by the electronic switch. The output transducer could be a buzzer, a light or a relay, which operates a more powerful circuit.

An example of a simple alarm circuit is shown in Fig.2.

The LDR forms the potential divider with the variable resistor RV1. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases. This causes the base voltage of the transistor and the bias current to increase. The transistor switches on and there is a rapid rise in the collector current until the transistor goes into saturation. The increased current causes the relay to operate and switch on the output circuit. The sensitivity of the input can be adjusted using RV1.

In a similar way, the relay is de-energized when the light source is removed from the LDR. A large back EMF, which would destroy the transistor, could be generated across the relay. To prevent this, a diode is connected in reverse bias across the relay.

15. Use the information from the text to complete the tables and answer the questions.

1.	Complete this table
Sensing device		Used to detect
LDR
		heat
		sound

	2.	What effect does light have on an LDR?
	3.	What is the purpose of RV1 in Fig. 2 ?
	4.	Use words from the text to complete the following table
Term			Opposite
cut-off			saturation
fixed resistor
increases
energize

slow

to cause

forward bias

5.How is the transistor in Fig. 2 protected from a large back EMF?

16.Study this simple circuit and answer the questions below it.

1.What are the components?

2.How are they connected?

3.What is the state of the system when the door is closed?

4.What happens if the door is opened?

5.Why does this happen?

Writing.

16.Write the text explaining how the door-alarm circuit works.

17.Write the translation of the paragraphs beginning with “The LDR forms the potential divider… “ and the next one.

Language Study. Grammar links

Sentences in all texts are held together by grammar links. Note the links in this paragraph about metal detectors.

(1)Metal detectors are used to locate hidden metal objects such as water pipes.

(2)They contain a search coil and a control box. (3) The coil is mounted in the search head. (4) When an AC voltage from the box is applied to the coil, a magnetic field is created around it. (5) In turn this induces a current in any metal object the head passes over.

This paragraph illustrates some common grammar links: Nouns become pronouns:

Metal detectors (1) becomes they (2).

Repeated nouns change from a to the and sometimes words are dropped:

A search coil (2) becomes the coil (3). Clause and even sentences become this or that:

A magnetic field created around it (4) becomes this (5).

17. What words or word combinations in the text “Alarms and alarm systems” do these grammar links refer to?

1.… to eliminate it. (para 1)

2.The primary use of these clocks … (para 2)

3.… and its contents. (para 4)

4.… such as earthquakes or tornadoes. (para 5)

5.… that provides sensor power… (para 6)

6.… which a person may use … (para 9)

18. Find the words in bold in the text “Three stages of a simple alarm system” and write out the words or phrases they refer to.

LESSON 11. THE INTERNET

Lead-in.

1. Answer the questions in pairs.

1.How often do you surf the Internet?

2.What do you usually do on the Internet?

3.What are your favorite websites?

What sites don’t you like? Why?

4. Have you ever designed your website?

Reading and Vocabulary.

2. You are going to read the text about the Internet. Make sure you know these words and expressions.

worldwide	commonplace
to link	quarter of Earth’s population
to carry	message
path	delay
to stay in touch with	satellite
to knock out	to reshape
to route	instant
to treat as	retail outlet
initial	artisans and traders
definite	supply chain
merger	entire

3.Read the information about the Internet and match the headings (A – F) and the paragraphs (1 – 5). There is one extra heading which you don‟t need to use.

A. The Stages of Development of the Internet

B. Common Information

C. The Use of the Internet

D. The Internet services

E. The future of he Internet

F. Terminology

The Internet

1. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks to serve billions of users worldwide. It consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks which are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other. If some computers on the network are knocked out, information will just route around them.

2. ‘Internet’ is a short form of the technical term ‘internetwork’, the result of interconnecting computer networks with special gateways or routers. The Internet is also often referred to as ‘the Net’. The term ‘the Internet’ is treated as a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter and the definite article. In the media and popular culture there is a trend to treat it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the internet", without capitalization. Some people think that the word should be capitalized as a noun but not capitalized as an adjective.

3. The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s when the United States had private military interests to build distributed computer networks. The opening of the network to commercial interest began in the 1980s. It led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of a lot of networks. In the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. By

1996 usage of the word ‘Internet’ had become commonplace. Nowadays more than a quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.

4. The most popular Internet service is e-mail (electronic mail). The most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the Network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading Usenet News, using the World Wide Web, Telnet, FTP, IRC, ICQ and Gopher. Most computer-mediated communication (CMC) is asynchronous. The participants are not on line at the same time and there are delays between messages. The examples of asynchronous communication are mobile phone messages, chat rooms and e-mail. Synchronous CMC depends on participants being on line at the same time. There may be a few seconds delay – like a satellite phone. The examples of synchronous communication are Internet Relay Chat, audio and video conferencing.

5. Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped by the Internet, giving birth to new services. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The Internet enables or accelerates new forms of human communication through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping booms both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.

4. Try to answer these questions. Use the information from the text.

1.What is the Internet?

2.What does the Internet consist of?

3.What are the peculiarities of sending and receiving information over the Internet?

4.What are the full and the shorter forms of the word ‘Internet’?

5.What does the full form of ‘Internet’ mean?

6.What are the peculiarities of writing ‘the Internet’?

7.Where and when did the Internet appear?

8.When did the popularization of using the Internet begin?

9.What are the two types of computer-mediated communication?

10 What are the examples of asynchronous communication?

11.What are the examples of synchronous communication?

12.What is the connection between newspapers, books, other print publishing and blogging and web feeds?

13.How can people communicate using the Internet?

5. Are the statement true (T) or false (F)? Prove your answer. Use the information above.

1.The Internet is used only in Russia and the United States of America.

2.The Internet is composed of millions of networks which are connected by a lot of networking technologies.

3.‘Internetwork’ is a short form of ‘Internet’.

4.People prefer the technical term ‘the Internetwork’ to the ‘Net’.

5.The term ‘the Internet’ is a proper noun which is written with an initial capital letter.

6.People knew about the Internet at the end of the 19th century.

7.Computer-mediated communication can be synchronous and asynchronous.

8.Using the Internet people can communicate, read books, listen to music and watch movies.

6. Complete the tables. Pay attention to the part of speech. Translate all words. Use your dictionary if it is necessary.

Noun	Verb
carriage	1
2	chain
3	delay
4	earth
treatment	5
knock	6
link	7
8	trade

Noun	Adjective
capitalization	16
privacy	17
definition	18
19	popular
entirety	20
initials	21
instance	22
23	pathless

9		populate				24	popular
10			quarter
11			retail
route			12
stay			13
supplies			14
15			touch
7. Match the words with a similar meaning.
1. commonplace					a) banality
2. reshape					b) determined
3. to link					c) hold-up
4. merger					d) whole
5. definite					e) first
6. initial					f) momentary
7. to knock					g) to hit
8. delay					h) to connect
9. instant					i) connection
10. message					j) notification
11. to treat					k) road
12. to stay					l) change
13. path					m) to travel
14. to route					n) to remain
15. entire					o) to regard
8. Match the words with an opposite meaning.
1. synchronous					a) phenomenon
2. trader					b) indefinite
3. to link					c) partial
4. merger					d) last
5. instant					e) constant
6. to stay					f) to disconnect
7. definite					g) public
8. initial					h) whole one
9. worldwide					i) to preserve
10. quarter					j) wholesale
11. entire					k) disconnection
12. commonplace					l) to go away
13. to reshape					m) asynchronous
14. private					n) customer
15. retail					o) local

9. Match the words from the two columns to have word combinations. Read the information about the Internet above again.

1. definite	a) and traders
2. to knock out	b) path
3. to route	c) commonplace
4. to become	d) information resources and services
5. supply	e) article
6. entire	f) between messages
7. e-mail	g) messages
8. delays	h) industries
9. to reshape	i) messaging
10. instant	j) some computers
11. to link	k) networks
12. to treat	l) of a lot of networks
13. the merger	m) Earth’s population
14. retail	n) communications media
15. satellite	o) outlet
16. a quarter of	p) around necessary computers
17. available	q) phone
18. to carry a lot of	r) chains
19. artisans	s) as a proper noun
20. worldwide	t) users

10. Complete the sentences. Use the words from the box.

artisans	carries	delays	merger	messages
outlet	path	quarter	reshaped	route
satellite	stay	supply chains	treated	worldwide

1.A … phone is the example of synchronous CMC.

2.The most of people use the Network only for sending and receiving e-mail … .

3.The Internet … a lot of information resources and services.

4.Some services on the Internet affect … across entire industries.

5.The opening of the network to commercial interest led to the … of many networks.

6.Because of some reasons information sent over the Internet can just … around the necessary computer.

7.The Internet serves billions of users … .

8.Online shopping booms both for major retail … and small … and traders.

9.More than a … of Earth’s population uses the services of the Internet.

10.In the media and popular culture the term ‘the Internet’ is … as a generic term or common noun and written without capitalization.

11.Any computers on the Internet are available to … in touch with each other.

12.If participants are not on line at the same time there are … between messages.

13.Information takes the shortest … available from one computer to another.

14. Most traditional communications media are … by the Internet.

Grammar. Modal Verbs can and should.

We often use can when we talk about physical or mental abilities and about possibilities. The past form is could. The future is be able to.

1.When we were at school, you could speak English better than me. 2. Everyone can send e-mail if they have the Internet.

We use should to give advice. To give very strict advice, you can use must.

1.Children shouldn’t use the computer more than an hour a day.

2.You should call him Professor Peters.

3.You must back up your files after work; otherwise you can lose them accidentally.

11.Use can/can‟t or should/shouldn‟t in the following sentences.

1.The weather is very cold today. You … wear a warm coat and a hat.

2.When I was small, I was very shy. I … recite poems in front of the class.

3.If you don’t want to damage your notebook, you … carry it in a case.

4.I don’t like History; I … remember all the dates.

5.Your sister … go out on her own in the evening, it’s very dangerous.

6.You … leave expensive things in the car when you leave it, they … be stolen.

7.When writing a course paper, you … use material from the Internet. You … take it from the books.

8.You look ill, you … see the doctor as soon as possible.

Writing.

12. Write some sentences to tell what you should/shouldn‟t do to keep data on your computer safe.

13.Write the translation of paragraph 4.

Language Study. –ing forms.

We can use the –ing form of the verb as a noun. It can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence. For example:

1.Managing the computer’s resources is an important function of the operating system.

2.The operating system starts running the user interface as soon as the PC is switched on.

3.Another function of the operating system is executing and providing services for applications software.