- •Передмова
- •Module I
- •II. Reading
- •Lutsk National Technical University
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match each word in the left-hand column with the best in the right-hand column.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use The Present Simple Tense
- •1. Put the following into the singular.
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Simple..
- •2. Put sentences of ex.1 into negative and interrogative form.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Complete the following statements:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Do the following tasks:
- •Text 2. My Future Speciality is Computer Systems and Networks
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Complete the following statements:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Do the following tasks:
- •Text 3. My Future Speciality is Professional Training
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Complete the following statements:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Do the following tasks:
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer following questions.
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Make up pairs or groups of words close in meaning.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use The Past Simple Tense
- •1. Put down the following sentences into the Past Simple Tense.
- •2. Open the brackets using the Past Simple Tense. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Make up sentences using the following words. Don’t forget about word order in English.
- •Additional Text (for individual work) Read, translate the text and answer the following questions:
- •The Need for Computer Literacy in Modern Society
- •II. Reading Read, translate the text and point out the main characteristics of pc. Personal Computers
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer following questions.
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •2. Make the sentences interrogative and negative.
- •3. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the Future Simple Tense. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Additional Text (for individual work) Read, translate the text and answer the following questions:
- •Application of Personal Computers
- •1. Find in the texts:
- •II. Reading Read, translate the text and mind the pc configuration. Pc Configuration
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •2. Make the sentences interrogative and negative.
- •3. Make up sentences using the following words. Translate the following definitions or explanations.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •The Development of the Personal Computer
- •Module II
- •II. Reading
- •Computer Evolution
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •From the History of the Computers
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Types of Computers
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Three Basic Capabilities of a Computer
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •Instructions / to operate / storing / inputting / manipulating / outputting / input device / a cathode-ray-tube display / instantaneously
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Read the text attentively, make the annotation of the text. To write annotation use clichés, given below.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Application of Computers
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use Conjunctions
- •1. Translate the Complex sentences. Remember conjunctions (сполучники): that; so that; if whether; which; when; while; since; till; until; whatever; whenever; in order to; regardless of, etc.
- •2. Translate complex sentences:
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Computers in Education
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Basic Elements of a Computer
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5 . Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Put the Infinitive in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense.
- •2. Put these sentences into interrogative and negative form.
- •3. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •The Computer System
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Data Processing Systems
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Choose the right answer:
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes
- •3. Change from direct into indirect speech.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Information Explosion and Data Processing in Modern Society
- •II. Reading Read the text and be ready to answer the following questions:
- •Operating System
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2.Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes
- •Grammar in Use The Future Perfect Tense
- •1. Turn the following into the Future Perfect.
- •2. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Future Indefinite or the Future Perfect.
- •3. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Unix Operating System
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •Additional Text (for individual work) Read, translate the text and be ready to answer the following questions:
- •Macintosh os
- •Module IV
- •II. Reading
- •The Structure of a Computer
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3.Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar in Use Types of Questions. Word Order.
- •1. Transform the following sentences into general questions introducing the necessary changes.
- •2. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •The Structure of cpu
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use The Passive Voice
- •1. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicates in the Passive Voice:
- •2. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets in an appropriate tense form.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •High Speed Register Storage
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •The Grammar in Use Modals
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents.
- •2. Put the modal verbs into the:
- •3. Find sentences with modal verbs in the text Additional Text (for individual work)
- •"Cache" Memories
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Input Devices
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •The Grammar in Use Modals
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents.
- •2. Put the modal verbs into the:
- •3. Find sentences with modal verbs in the text Additional Text (for individual work)
- •"Seeking" for Tracks
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Output Devices. Printer
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •The Grammar in Use Revision of the Module IV
- •1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
- •2. Choose the right form of the verb from the brackets. Mind the rule of the sequence of tenses.
- •3. Make the following interrogative and negative. Translate the following sentences.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Disks and Tapes
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Computer Programming
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3.Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •The Grammar in Use The Infinitive
- •1. Translate the sentences and word-combinations, using Infinitive in the function of :
- •2. Analyze the forms of Infinitive and translate following sentences:
- •4. Translate sentences with Nominative with the Infinitive construction:
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Character Data
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Programs and Instructions
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use The Participle
- •1. Translate the sentences containing Participle I and Participle II in the function of adverbial modifier:
- •2. Open the brackets using Perfect Participle Active or Perfect Participle Passive. Translate sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Translate sentences with Absolute Participle Complex:
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Languages and Extensions
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Running and Testing the Computer Program
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Translate into Ukrainian, paying attention to Gerund
- •3. Translate into English using Gerund
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Programming Languages
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use Revision of the Module V
- •1. Analyze following non-finite forms of the verb and translate the sentences:
- •2. Open the brackets, using correct non-finite form of the verb.
- •3. Find non-finite forms of the verb in the sentences and name them:
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Simula, smalltalk, and eiffel
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Internet
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use Conditionals
- •1. Write down the following sentences using the II and III conditionals. Translate them.
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Communication and Media Technology
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Understanding the World Wide Web
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use wish Sentences
- •1. Read the following sentences. What wishes would you make corresponding to the words in bold?
- •2. Complete the sentences with two to five words including the word in brackets.
- •3. Correct the mistakes
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •The Experience of the Web
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6.Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use Direct and Indirect Speech
- •1. Transform indirect commands changing direct speech into indirect one.
- •2. Transform sentences changing direct speech into indirect one.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •World Wide Web
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use
- •Impersonal Sentences
- •1. Translate impersonal sentences. Pay attention to their structure.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Microsoft Internet Explorer
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Automation
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use Noun
- •1. Make the following nouns plural.
- •2. Transform the following sentences into plural.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •At an Automatic Plant
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Automation and Mechanization
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Automation and Labour
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use Conjunctions
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “since ”:
- •2. State parts of speech the words in bold type belong to. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “provide”:
- •3. Complete the article. Use but, although or however.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Automated Production Lines
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use
- •4. Translate the following sentences and define the tense-forms which are used in the next sentences.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Types of Automation
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •6. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use Types of Sentences
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of
- •2. Analyse the type of subordinate clauses and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •History and Definition of Robots
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •Classification of Robots
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Choose the right answer:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Complete the sentences (a) choosing the required words or word combinations from list (b). Read and translate them.
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •6. Read the sentences from the text which illustrate the following statements:
- •5. Look through the text again. Describe the types of robots choosing the correct word. Complete the sentences if necessary.
- •6. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •7. Make up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
- •Grammar in Use Direct and Indirect Speech
- •1. Supply the correct form of the verb
- •2. Change direct speech into indirect
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Man/Machine Interfaсe
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Choose the right answer:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
- •2. Make up questions to which the underlined words are the answers:
- •3. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the verb.
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •What can robots do?
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •II. Reading
- •The Technology within an Industrial Robot
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Comprehension
- •1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Choose the right answer:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following important information:
- •Word Study
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following.
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
- •5. Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
- •Grammar in Use
- •1. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of Participle in the sentences:
- •2. Make up questions to which the underlined words are the answers:
- •3. Open the brackets using Passive Voice
- •Additional Text (for individual work)
- •Definition of Robots
- •1. Divide the text into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
- •2. Put questions to the text.
- •3. Discuss it with your groupmates. English-Ukrainian Dictionary
- •Abbreviations
- •Glossary
- •Список л1тератури
- •Contents
- •1. Write down the following sentences using the II and III conditionals. Translate them. 182
- •43018 Луцьк, вул. Львівська, 75
The Grammar in Use Modals
1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents.
1) The designer can always improve the operation of these receivers. 2) He could use any transmitter for this system. 3) The scientists are able to construct a new device by using semiconductors. 4) We have to increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the current. 5) After finishing the experiment scientists will have to discuss the results. 6) The students didn’t have to analyze these data. 7) We may say that photoelectric properties of transistor are largely used in TV sets. 8) In order to see certain stars we must use a telescope.
2. Put the modal verbs into the:
a) Past Indefinite Tense
b) Future Indefinite Tense
1) Computers can replace people in dull routine work. 2) The program is the set of instructions that may also include data to be processed. 3) Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry. 4) They can help in making different decisions. 5) The pupils may work with computers at the lessons. 6) Electric pulses can move at the speed of light. 7) Storage devices must have capacities for the input, output data and programs and for intermediate results. 8) Business minicomputers can perform to 100 million operations per second. 9) In order to solve scientific problems researchers must deal with the language of science – mathematics. 10) Programmers must write application programs in a way that computers can understand.
3. Find sentences with modal verbs in the text Additional Text (for individual work)
Read and translate the text.
"Seeking" for Tracks
Before data blocks can be read or written, the read/write head mechanism must be moved to the correct track. The read/write head contains the coil that detects or induces magnetism. It is moved by a stepping motor that can align it accurately over a specific track. Movements of the read/write heads are, in computer terms, relatively slow – it can take a hundredth of a second to adjust the position of the read/write heads. (The operation of moving the heads to the required track is called "seeking"; details of disk performance commonly include information on "average seek times".) Once the head is aligned above the required track, it is still necessary for the spinning disk to bring the required block under the read/write head (the disk controller reads its control information from the blocks as they pass under the head and so "knows" when the required block is arriving). When the block arrives under the read/write head, the recorded 0/1 bit values can be read and copied to wherever else they are needed.
The read circuitry in the disk reassembles the bits into bytes. These then get transferred over the bus to main memory (or, sometimes, into a CPU register). Disks may have their own private cache memories. Again, these are "hidden" stores where commonly accessed data can be kept for faster access. A disk may have cache storage sufficient to hold the contents of a few disk blocks (i.e. several thousand bytes). As well as being sent across the bus to memory, all the bytes of a block being read can be stored in the local disk cache. If a program asks the disk to read a block of data that is in the cache, the disk unit doesn't need to seek for the data. The required bytes can be read from the cache and sent to main memory. Commonly, hard disks have several disk platters mounted on a single central spindle. There are read/write heads for each disk platter. Data can be recorded on both sides of the disk platters (though often the topmost and bottommost surfaces are unused). The read/write heads are all mounted on the same stepping motor mechanism and move together between the disk platters.