- •Сборник текстов для индивидуального чтения
- •Часть II/Part II
- •Часть I. Part I. Text 1. Parents Urged to Talk to Children
- •Text 2. Hooked on the net
- •Text 3. How Does It Feel to Be an American Teen?
- •Text 4. How To Become Popular?
- •Text 5. How do teenagers deal with their parents rules?
- •Text 6. Survey Showed Increasing Drug Use Among Youth
- •Text 7. Homeless Young homelessness is a problem which is getting worse and worse. In Britain there are about 150,000 teenagers who have run away from home.
- •Text 8. Russians Distrust Globalization Which They Don't Understand
- •By Marina Pustilnik, Moscow News
- •(The free Internet-based encyclopedia, Wikipedia)
- •Text 9. A Tale of Two Rivals
- •Text 10. Inner City Kids Keen to Do Well School report paints optimistic picture of learning against the odds
- •Text 11. Saving Youth From Violence
- •Text 12. Young Entrepreneurs
- •Text 13. Mother Teresa of Calcutta An interview with the woman who has done so much to alleviate the suffering of the sick and poor.
- •Text 14. The War on Drugs: a Losing Battle?
- •The government has approved a new program to fight illegal drugs, but there seems to be little chance for success
- •Mn File opinion
- •Text 15. How to Live to 120 and Beyond
- •The Russian Academy of Sciences (ras) has launched an anti-aging program
- •Text 16. Buddy, can you spare a book?
- •Часть II. Part II. Text 1. Social Work. A View from the usa.
- •Text 2. Social Service
- •Text 3. Family, Elderly and Children Welfare
- •Text 4. Social Work Training and Social Services
- •Text 5. Child Welfare in the usa
- •Text 6. People with Disabilities
- •Text 7. Social Agencies. Red Cross
- •Text 8. Social Agencies. Salvation Army.
- •Text 9. Social Agencies. Young Men’s Christian Association
- •Text 10. Social Agencies. Médecins Sans Frontières
- •Text 11. Social Workers. Emily Greene Balch
- •Text 12. Social Workers. Martha McChesney Berry
- •Text 13. Hospice
- •Источники
Text 13. Hospice
Hospice, service that provides patients in the last several months of a terminal illness with medical care and counseling to ensure the best possible quality of life. Hospice care seeks not to cure disease, but to relieve pain and symptoms, and provide psychological and emotional support to patients and their families during the last months of life and through the dying process. Hospice services also help families with their grief in the year following the death.
The term hospice was first used to describe way stations for travelers and religious pilgrims during the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century). In the late 1800s, a nun in Dublin, Ireland, donated her house as a special home for dying patients. She called this home a hospice because she regarded dying as one stage of a journey. The modern hospice movement began in 1967 when British physician, nurse, and social worker Cicely Saunders opened St. Christopher’s Hospice in South London. According to the National Hospice Organization, about 3,150 hospice services currently operate in the United States, and many more are found throughout the world. Hospice programs care for about 700,000 patients annually in the United States.
In the United States, patients generally enter hospice care in the last six months of a terminal illness. Most recipients of hospice care are cancer patients, and less often, patients in the last stages of heart failure, emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney failure, or advanced dementia, the intellectual degeneration caused by massive strokes or neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. More recently, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have come to rely on hospice care as part of their treatment program. AIDS patients are challenging to hospice care because they often experience fluctuations in health that allow them to periodically cease hospice care and return to their normal activities for a time.
Hospice care is usually provided in the patient’s home by a multidisciplinary team of health-care professionals and trained volunteers, including family members. When home care is not possible, hospice care may be provided in nursing homes, hospitals, and in homelike hospice centers. Hospice patients receive medication for pain and anxiety, and other medications to control various symptoms of their disease. Dietitians provide nutritional counseling to help ensure that patients who suffer from nausea or loss of appetite receive enough nutrients, and physical therapists help patients exercise to maintain strength and range of motion. When patients can no longer care for themselves, home health aides assist with daily activities. Trained volunteers may bring food, help with housework, or simply keep the patient company. Hospice patients may also receive counseling from social workers and clergy members if they so choose.
While professionals and trained volunteers are essential components of hospice care, family members provide much of the daily care that a patient receives at home. This practice helps relieve the distress of a dying patient by providing a familiar environment in which the patient is surrounded by loved ones, and helps both the patient and family prepare for death in a way that many find rewarding. Caring for an ailing loved one can take an enormous emotional and physical toll on the family, however. When they need a short break from providing care, families may get help from trained volunteers, or the patient may be able to spend a brief period in a homelike hospice center. Hospice services also provide counseling and support to family members during the terminal illness and grieving process.
Many studies have found that hospice care for dying patients costs less than mainstream medical care. In the United States, federal health-insurance programs such as Medicare and Medicaid usually cover hospice care, as do many private health-insurance plans. These plans typically cover the cost of hospice care when a physician certifies that should the disease run its normal course, the patient would die within six months. Medicare rules state that to be eligible for hospice coverage, patients must discontinue medical care aimed at curing their disease. Many not-for-profit hospice providers use donations to provide care to indigent patients or to patients whose health insurance does not cover hospice care.