АВТ_ТПиП (лекции)
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Ʉ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɋɊ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚ-
ɞɚɱ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ |
ɋɊ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ. |
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Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɦ ɱɟɯɥɟ |
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(ɪɢɫ. 3.10). |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.10. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ( |
) ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ (ɛ) ɫɯɟɦɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ: |
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1 – ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɱɟɯɨɥ; 2 – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚ; 3 – ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ; 4 – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. |
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ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɵ- ɪɟɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 3.10, ɛ): ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɯɥɚ 1, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ 2, ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɪ- ɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ 3 ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ 4. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚ- ɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɜɟɧɶɹɦɢ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞ- ɤɚ, ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ:
M jcpj |
d j |
D j1Fj1(Tj 1 Tj ) D j2Fj2 (Tj Tj 1) , |
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dt |
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j |
1,4 ; |
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ɢɥɢ |
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Tj |
d j |
Tj |
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k j1Tj 1 k j2Tj 1 , |
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dt |
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Tj |
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M j cpj |
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D j1Fj1 D j2 Fj2 |
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D j1Fj1 |
D j2 Fj2 |
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k j1 |
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D j1Fj1 |
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D j1Fj1 D j2 Fj2 |
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D j2 Fj2 |
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Mj – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɯɥɚ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ, ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ; cpj – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ; Įj1, Įj2 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ; Fj1, Fj2 – ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ (3.1), ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤ ɱɟɯɥɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɚɤ-
ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ; ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬ-
23
ɪɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ), ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɚɪɟ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜ- ɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɦ) ɢ ɬ. ɩ.;
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɯɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ- ɬɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ;
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢ- ɬɟɥɟɣ (ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ); ɭ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪ) ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɫɩɚɣ ɩɪɢɩɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɯɥɭ;
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ; ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢ- ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɦɚɥɨɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɢ- ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ – ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ.
3.5.Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɪɇ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞ- |
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ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟ- |
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ɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ- |
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ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɟɟ |
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ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɡɢ- |
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ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸ- |
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ɳɢɟ ɪɇ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ: ɪɇɧ ɪɇ ɪɇɜ. Ʉɨ |
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G1 |
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ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ- |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.11. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɇ ɨɬ |
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ɳɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭ- |
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ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ. |
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ɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ pH ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ). Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɉɂ– ɢɥɢ ɉɂȾ–ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ.
Ɉɛɳɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɇ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.11 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪH ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ G1. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ, ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹ- ɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɨɣ.
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɥɟɣ- ɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɋɊ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɚɜ-
24
ɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.12, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚɦɢ.
1 |
G1 |
G2 |
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PDC |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.12. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ:
– ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ (1, 2 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢ- ɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ; 3 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɪɇ).
Ʉɥɚɩɚɧ 1, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɛɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨ- ɪɚ [xɪɧ,xɪɜ] (ɪɢɫ. 3.12, ɛ, ɤɪɢɜɚɹ 1). Ʉɥɚɩɚɧ 2, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ xɪ = x0ɪ + ǻ ɨɧ ɩɨɥ- ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ, ɚ ɩɪɢ xɪ = x0ɪ - ǻ – ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɤɪɵɬ (ɤɪɢɜɚɹ 2). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɨɬ ɪɇ0, ɤɨɝɞɚ x0ɪ - ǻ xɪ x0ɪ + ǻ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ 1 ɩɪɚɤ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ 2. ȿɫɥɢ |xɪ - x0ɪ|, ɤɥɚɩɚɧ 2 ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ 1. |
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ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ |
ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ |
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ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3.12, |
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ɛ) ɟɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞ- |
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ɥɢɜɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɢɡ- |
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ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ |
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ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɢ- |
pH 0 G |
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ɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ |
ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ |
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ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ |
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ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɟɬ ɤɭɫɨɱɧɨ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɚɩ- |
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ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɹ |
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ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ |
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ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟ- |
Ɋɢɫ. 3.13. Ʉɭɫɨɱɧɨ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚ- |
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ɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ. |
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- |
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ɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɇ. |
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ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.14 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ- |
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ɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ |
ɋɊ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɟ- |
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ɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. |
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( )
R1
Ɋɢɫ. 3.14. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
3.6. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɩ ɪ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬ ɜ ɢ ɤ ɱɟɫɬɜ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). ɗɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɯɪɨɦɚ- ɬɨɝɪɚɮɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ- ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ).
Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚ- ɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ. ɗɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ; ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ- |
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ɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɟ- |
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ɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ |
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ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɚ- |
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ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚ- |
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ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɫ- |
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ɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɦɭ |
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ |
ɫ |
Ɋɢɫ. 3.15. Ȼɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ |
ɋɊ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ |
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ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ |
ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ |
ɩɨ |
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ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬ- |
1 – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ; 2 –ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ; 3 – ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ |
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ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; 4 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ |
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ɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
Ȼɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.15. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-
ɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ~ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ x(t)
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F1 (y(t)) F2 |
26
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ~ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ x
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ – ɨɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬ- ɜɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟ- ɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ |
ɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ |
ɬɟ ɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ |
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4. Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟ ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ |
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ |
4.1.Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝ ɡɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨ-
ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ.
ȼ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ:
1.ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ.
2.ɉɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɡɚ-
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
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3
4
F2 F
qua
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ
tion.
Ɉɲɢɛɤɚ! Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4.1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ (ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ L ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ F ) ɪɢɫ. 4.1.
Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ 1 ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ 2-4 ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ.
Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ 2 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ F1 .
Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ 4 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ F3 .
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨ- ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ.
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɋɊ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ, ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵ-
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ɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
FRC |
FE
ɋɟɱɟɧɢɟ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ |
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ. Ⱦɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɷɬɨ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ʉɥɚɩɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
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FRC |
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ɉɚɪ |
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Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ |
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FE |
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ɋɟɱɟɧɢɟ |
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Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
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ɑɢɫɥɨ ɯɨɞɨɜ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ |
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ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ |
k1 |
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ɩɚɪɚ |
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k |
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ɩɨɪɲɧɹ |
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k3 |
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Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
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ɑɢɫɥɨ ɯɨɞɨɜ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ |
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ɩɚɪɚ |
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ɩɨɪɲɧɹ |
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k |
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.
1 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ; 2 – ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɟ- ɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɡ- ɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɚɤ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ. ɉɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɵ- ɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢ- ɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬ- ɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ- ɜɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ-
29
ɧɨɫɬɶ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ |
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ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢ- |
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ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ. |
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ɉɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɢɡɦɟ- |
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ɧɹɸɳɟɦɫɹ |
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ |
ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ- |
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ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ |
Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ |
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ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟ- |
ɉɚɪ |
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ |
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ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ FRC |
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ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ |
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ɩɚɪɚ |
ɫ |
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ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ |
ɩɨ |
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ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ |
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Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ |
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FE |
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ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. |
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Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ- |
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ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ |
Ɋɢɫ. 4.4. Ʉɚɫɤɚɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- |
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ɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ |
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ. |
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ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɚ |
1 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ; 2 – ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ. |
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ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ- |
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FRC |
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ɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ. Ɍɚ- |
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ɤɢɦ |
ɠɟ |
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ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ |
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ |
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ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ |
ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ- |
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FE |
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ɱɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ. |
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ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɧ- |
Ɋɢɫ. 4.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲ- |
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ɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ (ɝɚɡɨ- |
ɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ. |
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ɞɭɜɨɤ) |
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ |
ɫɢɫɬɟ- |
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Ʉ ɪɟɫɢɜɟɪɭ |
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ɦɚɦɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ- |
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ɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. |
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Ʉ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ |
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Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɧɟɭɫ- |
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FE |
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ɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ |
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ |
ɜ |
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ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ |
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PE |
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ɩɨɦɩɚɠɚ, |
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ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ |
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ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ |
Ɋɢɫ. 4.6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧ- |
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ɦɚɥɵɯ |
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ: ɩɪɢ |
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ |
ɜ |
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ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ- |
ɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ (ɝɚɡɨɞɭɜɤɢ) ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɦɩɚɠɧɨɣ |
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ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ. |
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ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ |
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ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɦɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ. |
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Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɛ- |
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ɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɩɚɠɚ. |
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ɑɢɫɥɨ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ |
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ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɪɚɫɯɨɞ) |
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Ⱦɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ |
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Ȼɚɣɩɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.7. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɦ- ɩɚɠɧɭɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɪɟɫɢɜɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɩɚɠɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɬ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɤ ɪɟɫɢɜɟɪɭ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨ- ɜɢɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬ ɩɨɦɩɚɠ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
4.2. Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɪ ɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɯ, ɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ – ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɯ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ, ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɯ, ɷɥɟɤ- ɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɯɨɞ- ɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ (ɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ) ɜ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ- ɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɟ. Ɉɫɜɟɬɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ- ɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɭ, ɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɡɨɧ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪ- ɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɝɭɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ- ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ, ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ, ɤɚɪɭɫɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ-ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ- ɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ- ɪɭɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
31
ɫɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɧɨɠɨɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ.
ɐɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɯ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ; ɰɟɥɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫ- ɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟ- ɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɪɚɫ- ɯɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. Ɏɭɝɚɬ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɦɤɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɯ. ɐɢɤɥɨɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɭ ɫ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɩɵɥɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ- ɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ, ɬɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɵ- ɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫ- ɬɢɰɵ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ- ɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɜɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɵɥɶ ɫ ɧɟɺ ɫɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɟ- ɪɟɩɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɜɵɞɚɺɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɩɟ- ɪɟɩɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɭ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ
ɫɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ- ɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ (ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɩɵɥɶɸ) ɪɟɝɟɧɟ- ɪɚɰɢɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ- ɦɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚ- ɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ.
5. Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɜɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ:
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