АВТ_ТПиП (лекции)
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.16. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
1 – ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ; 2 – ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ; 3 – ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ; 4 – ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ.
6.5.Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɤɫɬɪ ɤɰɢɢ
ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦ- ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɡ- ɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɟ – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ ɢ ɪɚ- ɮɢɧɚɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ - ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬ.
Q4 P
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ |
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ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ (%) |
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.17. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
'Q , '4 , 'P – ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. Ɋɚɫ- ɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫ- ɬɜɨɪ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 6.18).
ɇɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɤɫɬ- ɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɫ- ɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɟ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢ- ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɚɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ
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ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢɫ- ɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ-
ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɚɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɢɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɟ- ɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɟ.
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ
LRC
Ɋɚɮɢɧɚɬ 
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ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ QRC
FFRC
ȼ, y0
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬ
QRC |
ȼ, y1
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ
LRC
Ɋɚɮɢɧɚɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.19. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɫ- ɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ- ɞɢɦɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨ- ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨ- ɞɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟ- ɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.19.
Ʉɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɋɊ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɮɢɧɚɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɸ.
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6.6.Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɭɲɤɢ.
ɋɭɲɤɚ – ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ
ɢɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢ- ɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Mɧ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ Mɤ.
ȼɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɭɲɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧɨɦ (ɤɢɩɹɳɟɦ) ɫɥɨɟ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ – ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚ- ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ |
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Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ |
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ |
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ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Qɜɵɯ |
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Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ |
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Ɋɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.20. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
6.6.1.ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɜ ɛ ɪ ɛ ɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ
ȼɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 6.21) ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɡ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ 2 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ 5, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɟ 3 ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ, ɧɚ- ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɟ- ɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɢ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɝɭ. ȼɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ 6, ɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɢɤɥɨɧ 7 ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨ- ɪɨɦ 8. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɢ- ɧɭɬ, ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɦɢ.
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ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚ- ɧɚ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɭ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɛɚ- ɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɬɨɩ- ɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɭ- ɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
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TR |
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ɉɵɥɶ |
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Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ |
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TRC |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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ȼɨɡɞɭɯ |
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ɋɭɯɨɣ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.21. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ.
1 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 2 – ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɩɟɱɤɚ; 4 – ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 5 – ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 6 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 7 – ɰɢɤɥɨɧ; 8 – ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɭ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɋɊ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɧɬɵ (ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ).
ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɧɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ.
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ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɭ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨ-
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɛɚɪɚ- ɛɚɧɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪ- ɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟ- ɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɤɚɱɟ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɪɢɫ.
6.22.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ (ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ) ɫ ɤɨɪ- ɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɯ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɢ (ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ).
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵ- ɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɹ- ɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ- ɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɊ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɭ) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶ- ɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɭ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ, ɚ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢ- ɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɤɨɫɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥ- ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ.
ɉɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɊ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ- ɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ.
68
1
FRC 2
4
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3 |
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Ƚɚɡ |
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FR
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
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PR
8
5
6 |
7 |
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ɉɵɥɶ |
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ɋɭɯɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.22. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ.
1 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 2 – ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɩɟɱɤɚ; 4 – ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 5 – ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 6 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 7 – ɰɢɤɥɨɧ; 8 – ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ.
6.6.2.Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɫɭɲɢɥɨɤ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ.
ȼɫɭɲɢɥɤɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.23) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɋɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɭ ɡɚ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ. ȼɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟ- ɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ 1 ɲɧɟɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɭ 4, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɫɠɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɧɚ- ɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɟ 2 ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɢɤɥɨɧ 5 ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɤɨɣ 6, ɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɢ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɠ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ. ȿɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɦɟɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɚ- ɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨ- ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɭ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɭ.
69
1
PRC
6
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4 |
5 |
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Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɋɭɯɨɣ |
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ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.23. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ:
1 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 2 – ɩɟɱɤɚ; 3 – ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 4 – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ; 5 – ɰɢɤɥɨɧ; 6 – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɤɚ.
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚ- ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɋɟɚɝɢɪɭɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɨ- ɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɲɧɟɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ.
ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɋɊ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɭ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ- ɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɭ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨ- ɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟ- ɲɟɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ 3.
Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜ- ɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɮɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɟ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨ- ɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɢ ɫ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
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ȼɫɭɲɢɥɤɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɢ W, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
Mɤ ), ɝɞɟ
F – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; Mɧ ,M ɤ – ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɫɟɜ- ɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
7. Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɪɟ ɤɬɨɪɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟ ɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟ- ɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨ- ɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 7.1. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɦ. ɗɬɢɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɹɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ- ɜɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ- ɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟ- ɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧ- ɰɢɩɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ, ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɟɢɡɨɬɟɪ- ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɟ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ- ɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟ-
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ɦɨɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
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Ƚɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ |
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ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, |
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ |
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ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ |
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ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ |
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ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ |
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ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ |
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Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 
Ɍɟɩɥɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 7.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ.
ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɨɬ- ɜɨɞ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ- ɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɬɚ- ɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ – ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡ- ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ). ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ- ɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ.
ȼɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟ- ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ) ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɚɩɩɚ-
ɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬ- ɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɦɟ- ɫɢ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ- ɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɦ- ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ.
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