35. Describe the main changes in the categories of verb in ModE. Changes and features of Early ModE verbal system

• Transformation of strong verbs into weak.

• Further reduction of verbal inflections: the ending –e of the 1^st person

singular, of the plural present and infinitive were lost.

• Decline in use of subjunctive.

• Strong verbs were becoming weak, e.g. help.

• Infinitive -n ending disappeared.

• Present indicative plural endings -n or -th disappeared.

• -ing became universal present participle ending.

• In the 3rd person singular present indicative the ending –th was eventually

replaced by –s.

• In Early ModE the auxiliary verb do was widely used as an auxiliary.

• Two-part phrasal verbs become common (shorten up, wear out, cut off).

• The system of perfect form, which had arisen in OE and developed in

MidE, went on unfolding.

The category of continuous aspect was developed only in ModE period.

The perfect continuous forms became widely used only in the 19^th century.

36. Describe the main changes in ModE syntax.

Early Modern English syntax was generally marked by more flexibility than today.

SVO order was regular in independent and dependent declarative clauses.

SOV was acceptable for pronoun objects and for emphasis

(as the law should them direct, Richard that dead is).

VSO was used in questions and conditional statements

(how hast thou offended?, Were he my kinsman ...).

Imperatives often had expressed subject

(go, my servant, to the kitchen; do thou but call my resolution wise).

OSV or OVS were used to emphasize object.

37. Describe the main changes in vocabulary system in Early Modern English.

The transition from MidE to ModE began in the 16^thcentury when several

factors came together to produce a period of extraordinary progress in the

development of the language. During the Renaissance period a great revival of

interest in learning swept over England and much of Europe, leading people to

become more aware of the importance of language as they studied the writings of

the past. Furthermore, many words from other languages (especially Latin and

Greek) were introduced into English as a result of this growing interest in the

writings of antiquity.

Until the 16^thcentury, French continued to be the prestigious literary

language, and Latin remained the international language for serious schlarly work

for some centuries afterwards. However, the influence of other languages gradually

diminished as the English language continued to develop.

That time was also the beginning of the Great Geographical Discoveries era,

the increase in contacts with other counties. Seafarers brought many new words

borrowed from England’s allies and foes in the seas (Spanish, Dutch and others).

The emigrants brought English in the African, American and Australian colonies,

thus marking the new era of English outside England.

Below you will find some inkhorn terms (an affectedly learned borrowings

from another language, esp. Greek or Latin) and other early modern English

borrowings:

Latin: ability, dedicate, education, extinguish, reciprocal, scientific;

Greek: anonymous, catastrophe, criterion, democracy;

Some rejected inkhorn terms (those which eventually came out of use, ot were

replaced by other simpler words): deruncinate – `to weed' (cf. eradicate),

adminiculation – `aid', cohibit – `to restrain' (cf. inhibit), expede – `to accomplish'

(cf. impede), demit – `to send away' (cf. submit).