Начертательная геометрия

12q m

12.1. (#" % -/ ) %

– , ' -" , " .

* ( , , , ( )D " D ) . # -" D - .

N +. ( D(+ ) .

@ D ( ( ) " ( ). # ' " . 9 " " . C D.

, " " , D.

C D , +-" , -. : , + ( , D , - D .

D D- ' .

12.2. q : ( ) 0

& + . B + . & , " . .

C D ) , -+ " - .

@ ( D )- , " , , , , , ) , + .

242

.

( . 12.1). & " , ( D -( , . .).

9 – ( ( )( . 12.1 – 12.2). * D :

(-);

" ;

( ( -" ).

= . 12.1

8 – ( " + " . * D " " , +- , " " .

+ ( ) D D' « » ' , - , . @D ' . * ) -D ( .

+ D ,

.

{ – ( ' ' . # ) " .

7 – ( , ) . < D " .

@ , . 12.2,' " " . C

12. * + %

243

+ " " " . * D + . @D , -.

= . 12.2

12.3. ('" %="' / %0 % # % " + - /

D " " . % ) . I D , ". = + D , , -.

, -. ( . -, +. @ , -" , – ' . ( " ( , . 12.3, , ) , . 12.3, , , ).

/ " – ( , - , , , – « », -, D' ) ( . 12.4, , ), ( . 12.4, ), + " ( . 12.4, ).

* )" " .

244

.

	= . 12.3

= . 12.4

C " D ,) -. % ), ) ( . 12.5).

= . 12.5

12. * + %

245

$ , + , , , + ( . 12.6) " D " D. % () . ,+ .

= . 12.6

" D ,( , , , . 12.7).

= . 12.7

B , - , , " , '. C "" " D ,( . 12.8).

= . 12.8

, ( " ), D' ) ' , " " -( , , + . .). ( " -" D, . $ " " ( , +-.), .

C , " ' " - , " D , + -

246

.

+ . M " " D " ( . 12.8).

/ ' "-' , -" " D ) ( . 12.9), ".

= . 12.9

, " , "" D , + " - " + " ( . 12.10).

= . 12.10

% , D "-D ' , " D ,+ . %, D' ) , -

12. * + %

247

" D , + -( .12.11).

" -) D - ' D ( . 12.12).

C ) -"." - D - D ,+ > .

= . 12.11

= . 12.12

/ ) D,, , (" ' ) "( . 12.13).

= . 12.13

@ . 12.14 ( ) D' .

248

.

=. 12.14

12. * + %

249

@ , D' -) + . C " " ) + . : -D' " -+ ) " " D ( .

@ . 12.15 ) -) . C ) ) , " - . = .

= . 12.15

& ' D " -" , , " + . ? ' D " -D + .

: , " +-" , D . : D :

– , D D" , D ;

– ) D' , D ) "+ ( , ) , " .);

– , D' - .

250			.
0 , 1 .
: D
-
' -
( . 12.16).
0 , -
		% 1
.		* )-
D -
" (-
" ,
" , ,
.		@ +		-
" ( )
	(	+ ) '			= . 12.16
.
*
	D ,
		'
( . (-
D " ,
" , -
( ,
– "
( . 12.17).					= . 12.17
0 , 1 .
* ) D ) -
.
& " , " " , -
) ( ,
D D D ( . @ -
' D					( . 12.18).
= D + .
C " " "
( D , )
l=2hRj/360°, " l – " " ( ; R – " ,
' ' ; j – " " " .
" ( , -
D D .