- •Р.А. Юсупова
- •От автора
- •Unit 1 aquaculture Active vocabulary
- •1 Aquaculture
- •1.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
- •1.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •1.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •1.4 Answer the questions
- •1.6 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
- •1.7 Match the words with their definitions.
- •1.8 Read the text without a dictionary. Aquaculture’s beginnings
- •2 Ancient and modern aquaculture
- •2.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
- •2.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •2.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •2.4 Give English equivalents:
- •Vocabulary
- •4.5 Give English equivalents:
- •4.6 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
- •4.7 Match the words with their definitions.
- •4.8 Topics for discussion
- •Feeding the world through agriculture
- •5 Control over reared species
- •5.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
- •5.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •5.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •5.4 Give English equivalents:
- •5.9 Answer the questions
- •Unit 2 fish culture Active vocabulary
- •6 The big two in fish culture
- •Choose the equivalents:
- •Aquaculture species in the united states
- •1 Rainbow, brown
- •7.4 Give English equivalents:
- •4Bullhead
- •7.13 Render the following verbs with ing-forms into infinitives and translate them:
- •8 Culture systems
- •8.1 Read the following international words and translate them.
- •8.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •8.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •8.4 Give English equivalents:
- •8.5 Match the words with their definitions.
- •8.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below:
- •8.7 Answer the questions
- •8.8 Read the text without a dictionary. Types of aquaculture opeations
- •Vocabulary
- •8.9 Match the words with their definitions.
- •8.10 Answer the questions
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •10.5 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •12.5 Answer the questions
- •13 Potential adverse effects
- •13.1 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Vocabulary
- •13.2 Answer the questions
- •14 Carp Aquaculture
- •Carp as ornamental fish
- •15 Tilapia Fish farming
- •Nutrition
- •Exotic species
- •Uses other than supplying food
- •In aquaria
- •16 Trout Anatomy
- •Habitat
- •As food
- •River fishing
- •17 Salmon Life cycle
- •Species
- •Atlantic Ocean species
- •Pacific Ocean species
- •Salmon fisheries
- •Salmon aquaculture
- •18 Shrimp Farming
- •Marketing
- •Life cycle
- •19 Grass carp
- •Ecology
- •Invasive species
- •Use as weed control
- •Fishing for grass carp
- •Triploid Grass Carp
- •20 Channel catfish
- •21 Pond
- •Technical definitions
- •Formation
- •Characteristics
- •22 Cage
- •Site Criteria
- •Pond Problems
- •Water Quality
- •Temperature
- •Turbidity
- •23 Raceway
- •Site selection
- •Water flow
- •Maximum load
- •Waste water
- •Appendix
- •Proverbs
- •Библиографический список
Vocabulary
protozoan |
простейшее животное |
helminth |
гельминт (паразитический червь) |
outbreak |
вспышка |
epizootic |
эпизоотия |
handling |
обращение, зд. Уход, подход |
sustained |
длительный, непрерывный |
infestation |
инвазия (заражение паразитами) |
to ingest |
глотать, проглатывать |
imminent |
надвигающийся, неминуемый |
12.5 Answer the questions
1.When do we use the terms “epidemic” and when “epizootic”?
2. What are the reasons for stresses and diseases?
3. How can the diseases be treated?
4. What are the preventive measures to avoid diseases and parasite problems?
13 Potential adverse effects
13.1 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
Not too long ago, aquaculture was perceived as a cure for hunger and dwindling wild fish supplies. At the end of the twentieth century, given the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry, critics began questioning the real social and environmental impacts of aquaculture. The social impacts are generally felt more acutely in poorer countries. For example, people have been displaced from their homes and jobs by aquaculture operations, sometimes by operations that pollute land and water previously used by local residents.
Aquaculture, like any farming activity, produces effects on the environment. Aquaculture uses energy and creates wastes. As aquaculture replaces wildhabitat, changes to the ecosystem inevitably occur. Even where aquaculture operations are placed in non-pristine areas, potential exists for exotic (nonnative and genetically altered) aquaculture species to escape and adversely affect native species by competing for food and space, interbreeding and hybridizing native species, and spreading disease. Collecting wild larvae for rearing in aquaculture units can decimate native populations of fish, and can affect biodiversity. Toxic and bioaccumulative compounds can be harmful to people, including fish farmers themselves, and to plants and animals. Excessive discharge of organic wastes causes pollution.
The environmental impacts of effluents depend on the type of aquaculture practiced, and on farm management. Aquaculture can, in local situations, improve the environment or be environmentally benign. If ponds are properly managed, nutrient-rich discharges (soil and water) can be dredged for use in crop production, thereby reducing the need for soil amendments such as inorganic fertilizers.
Fish ponds can increase bird populations, which are pleasing to birdwatchers, but are disdained by fish farmers. While poorly managed fish ponds can serve as breeding grounds forvectors of animal and human disease, well-managed fish ponds can be used to control these vectors. Thus, fish farm management geared at minimizing negative environmental effects can be critical for balancing the farm’s impact on the environment, and for its own long-term success.
Vocabulary
non-pristine areas |
зд. Обжитые районы |
bioaccumulative |
биологически накапливающийся |
discharge |
расход |
to dredge |
вычерпывать |
birdwatchers |
любители птиц |
vectors |
переносчик (болезней) |