5.4 Give English equivalents:

Разводить рыбу, озера, ручьи, бассейны, экстракты из водорослей, водные организмы и растения, естественные условия, зубная паста, мороженое, косметика, предметы для домашнего пользования, садок и пруд, соленость и температура воды, содержание растворимого кислорода и аммиака, контроль за воспроизводством, разведение рыбы в неволе, поддержание воды определенного качества, обеспечивать питание, борьба с болезнями, лечить болезни, питательный корм.

5.5 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:

1. Fish is produced throughout the world for release into (ручьи, озера, водоемы).

2. (Водные растения) are also produced for human consumption.

3. Seaweed production involves the labour of (несколько тысяч людей).

4. (Мороженое, зубная паста и косметика) contain extracts from seaweeds.

5. (Система аквакультуры) can produce about a million pounds per acre a year.

5.6 Topic for discussion

1. Speak about use of seaweeds in our life.

5.7 Match the words of column A and the words of column B

A	B
culture	feeds
natural	breeding
suitable	temperature
dissolved	water quality
water	system
genetic	water body
captive	oxygen and ammonia
brood	selection
prepared	stock

5.8 Match the words with their definitions.

1) brood stock	a) managed aquaculture controlled through human engineered means, such as managing water quality and sources of food.
2) hatchery	b) managed aquaculture dependent on the local natural setting, such as a pond or coastal sea area.
3) extensive aquaculture	c) fish of any particular species which are raised for reproduction purposes.
4) intensive aquaculture	d) The aquaculture production stage in which crop organism hatches from eggs and grows to stocking size.

5.9 Answer the questions

1. What may control over the species include?

2. What is important for suitable water quality?

3. What does successful aquaculture depend on?

4. What are reared species usually fed with?

Unit 2 fish culture Active vocabulary

to fertilize	удобрять
waste	отходы
to feed on	питаться
vegetation	растительность
pellet	гранула
density	плотность
ration	рацион
to spawn	нереститься
milt	семенники
strip	выдавливать икру или молоки
nursery pond	садок для молоди рыб
mill	молоки
brood	потомство, выводок, помет
plankton bloom	цветение планктона
fingerlings	малек, сеголеток
fry	малек
bioassay	биологические пробы

6 The big two in fish culture

0. 6.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).

1. Groups, culture, production, system, organic, phytoplankton, zooplankton, diets, combination, ration, hormones, technology, group, tropical, subtropical, temperature, climates, culture, tropics, popular, commercial.

0. 6.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.

A fine art, the same water system, organic fertilizers, plant and animal food, aquatic vegetation, various culture species, high density, pellet rations, to meet nutritional requirements, to induce spawning, manual stripping, environmental conditions, widely cultured fish, native, throughout the world, a temperate climate, maintenance of brook stock, indoor heated holding facilities, rapid growth, poor water quality, market size, high density, subsistence culture.

6.3 Read the following pairs of words and translate them:

Europe –European, China - Chinese, Israel – Israeli, India –Indian, the USA – American.

6.4 Read the following geographic names:

Middle East, North Africa, Africa, Far East, Latin America, Israel, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Jamaica.

6.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.

T

Carp are the dominant fish in aquaculture

he most widely cultured groups of fishes in the world are thecarps. While the people of the USA are most familiar with the common or European species, carp culture is dominated by production of a variety of Chinese carps including the common big head, silver and grass carps. In the USA the common carp was introduced from Europe during the 19^th century.

The Chinese have developed carp culture to a fine art. They use a system known as polyculture (two or more non-competing species are reared in the same water system) in which at least four species of carp are grown in the same pond. Ponds in China are often fertilized with organic fertilizers which produce plant and animal food for fish. Agricultural wastes may be also used. Common carp feed on benthos, silver carp on phytoplankton, big carp on zooplankton and grass carp on rooted aquatic vegetation. Thus various supplies are used by various culture species. Stocking rates are related to the food supplies. In recent years, prepared feeds have become more common in China, though pelleted diets may still be used in combination with fertilization.

Indian carps (various species) and common carp are more commonly reared in monoculture (only one species present in the culture system). Depending on expected production the ponds may be fertilized or prepared feeds may be offered. In Europe and Israel common carps are maintained at high densities and are fed pelleted rations that meet their nutritional requirements.

Carps will spawn naturally in ponds, though hatcheries are often maintained. Hormones may be injected into the adults to induce spawning. Eggs and mill may be obtained by manual stripping. The eggs are maintained in a hatchery and the young fish are stocked into nursery ponds. The system is relatively simple. Carps are able to tolerate fairly wide ranges of environmental conditions, so the technology required for their culture is not highly sophisticated.

The second most widely cultured group of fishes in the world today are thetilapias. Tilapias are native to the Middle East and North Africa, but have been introduced throughout the tropical world and in to many subtropical areas. Most species die when water temperature fall below 10ºC. Therefore, culture in a temperate climates depends on production of a crop during the warm months and maintenance of brood stock in warm water (often in indoor heated holding facilities) during winter.

Various species of tilapia are under culture around the world today, primarily in the tropics. All of the popular ones are known for their rapid growth, ease of production and heartiness. Tilapias are extremely tolerant of poor water quality, reproduce readily in almost any environment and reach market size within several months. Most fishes feed on a combination of plants and animals, and they do not require high cost prepared feeds unless they are being reared at high densities where natural food supplies become exhausted.

Tilapias are popular in subsistence culture in much of Africa, the Far East and Latin America. Commercial production is highly developed in Israel, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Jamaica and various other nations.