Getting Help When it is Needed in Britain

1. Britain today is a Welfare State which looks after its citizens in need: the old, the sick, the unemployed. The Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) deals with the basic welfare of all citizens. Medical care and pensions are provided, and financial help is given to those who might otherwise starve or be homeless. Welfare is paid for by all workers and their employers. They pay National Insurance contributions. In addition, the State provides money out of general taxes. Welfare services are free apart from small charges for drugs (medicines), spectacles and dentistry. People with very low incomes do not even have to pay these charges.

2. Social Security

The State also helps a citizen in difficulties; for instance, if he or she is:

unemployed,

sick and therefore temporarily unable to work,

permanently disabled,

old and retired from work,

a widow,

unable to provide the minimum of food,

warmth and shelter for him / herself and family.

He can then apply for Social Security. The amount of money, or benefit, he receives depends on the rate fixed by the government.

It also depends on how many National Insurance contributions he has paid, and on his means (his other income and capital).

3. The British like to form voluntary organizations. Someone somewhere feels strongly about something – about some cruelty or some neglected social group. A committee of sympathizers and supporters is set up. They work without payment to change the situation. There are thousands of voluntary organisations in Britain, some large, some small. Shelter is one operating on a large scale.

Getting the money for voluntary work

Although the work is voluntary, organisations need money to pay for expenses such as postage stamps and telephone calls. So an aspect of community life in Britain is raising money (funds) for voluntary societies, or charities. Many organisations send letters to individuals; they appeal for contributions to their funds.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

2 семестр

ЧАСТЬ 1

Для того, чтобы выполнить часть 1 контрольной работы № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы, задания и упражнения к ним прилагаемого грамматического пособия: «Практикум по обучению грамматическим основам чтения» Турук И.Ф.:

Тема 3. Неличные формы глагола в предложении:

Причастие (Раздел 3.1).

Герундий (Раздел 3.2).

Отглагольное существительное (раздел 3.3).

I. Выберите предложения, в которых причастие выполняет функцию определения, определите форму причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The engineer making that experiment took a lot of measurements.

2. While working with a map, make sure that you know whether your map is marked in feet or in meters.

3. The word «physics» comes from the Greek word meaning «nature».

4. A scientist beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive.

5. Much of the data collected will be fed into machines and computers during the coming months.

6. Having collected the material the scientist started to write his new work.

II. Выберите предложения, в которых причастие выполняет функцию обстоятельства, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. While crossing the river the boat turned over and all of them fell down into the water.

2. Going along the road he saw a strange object lying on the ground.

3. The water flowing from springs and streams makes rivers or lakes.

4. He was sitting by the fire at the inn, drinking tea and talking to an old man.

5. Being designed by a talented scientific worker the device was a success.

6. Having looked out of the window she saw her friend on the opposite side of the street.

III. Подчеркните Participle II и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When I came nearer I saw an excited crowd at the door of his house.

2. He says that the radio set bought by you is out of order.

3. Another problem in the novel is the position of woman in society.

4. Acknowledged by the public Mark Twain became one of the leading journalists of America.

5. Built some hundred years ago, the house stood still intact.

6. Thirty loaded lorries followed by six cars were moving along the road.

IV. Определите функцию герундия и переведите предложе- ния на русский язык.

1. It was Columbus' aim to reach the Indians by sailing to the West

2. When night came all hope of returning safely to land was gone.

3. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour.

4. Travelling in the jungle of Central Africa is rather dangerous because of the great number of wild animals there.

5. His going home so late caused a storm of protest.

V. Выпишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых встречаются: 1) причастие и 2) герундий.

1. After introducing technology in that branch of industry some changes must be made as soon as possible.

2. It is known of their working at the problem under discussion.

3. Having made a great number of experiments with different devices the research group chose the best one for practical work.

4. Adding numbers is the easiest process in the system of calculation.

5. A new computer will be used for all types of data processing.

6. Making a programme for the computer the programmer faced many difficulties.

VI. Переведите текст на русский язык письменно, подчерк- ните -ing форму и определите ее функции.