Microeconomics and macroeconomics

1. Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject. For example, there are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. What distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with problems of the labour market as viewed by firms, workers and society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, and housing. However, we need not classifying branches of economics according to the area of economic life in which we ask the standard questions what, how, and for whom. We can also classify branches of economics according to the approach or methodology that is used. The very broad division of approaches into microeconomics and macroeconomics cuts across the large number of subject groupings cited above.

2. Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities.

For example, we might study why individual households prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to produce cars or bicycles. We can then aggregate the behavior of all households and all firms to discuss total car purchases and tolal car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles – we may be able to explain the relative price of cars and bicycles and the relative output of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of microeconomics known as general equilibrium theory extends this approach to its logical conclusion. It studies simultaneously every market for every commodity. From this it is hoped that we can understand the complete pattern of consumption, production, and exchange in the whole economy at a point in time.

3. If you think this sounds very complicated you are correct. For many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend to lose track of the phenomena in which we were interested. The interesting task for economics, a task that retains an element of art in economic science, is to devise judicious simplifications which keep the analysis manageable without distorting reality too much.

Часть 2

Для того, чтобы выполнить часть 2 контрольной работы № 2, необходимо усвоить следующий раздел, задания и упражнения к нему прилагаемого граматического пособия: «Практикум по обучению грамматическим основам чтения» Турук И.Ф.

Инфинитив (Тема 3, раздел 3.4).

I. Выберите предложения, в которых инфинитив употреб- ляется в функции определения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Luna 15 has orbited and soft landed on the Moon to conduct experiments.

2. A problem to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.

3. The general aim of this work is to orientate management towards raising the efficiency of production.

4. The total of information to be investigated is called «universe».

5. The problem is to collect data.

6. The procedure to be followed will influence the collection of the statistical data.

7. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated.

II. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях и переведите на русский язык.

1. Our research group will attempt to analyse the effects of radiation.

2. In applying statistical technique to solve problems there are certain general steps to follow.

3. To interpret the results of data handling is not an easy problem.

4. It may be difficult to secure the data because the information may be new and unpublished.

5. It is important to use accurately adjusted instruments to take correct measurements.

6. The new equipment is necessary to increase the output of our factory.

III. Подчеркните субъектный инфинитивный оборот и пере- ведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Yablochkov is known to be the inventor of the electric candle.

2. «Hamlet» is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art.

3. He is supposed to be one of the greatest writers of our time.

4. The theory is known to be tested by practice.

5. The situation appears to be more difficult than we thought.

IV. Подчеркните объектный инфинитивный оборот и пере- ведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We expect him to come tomorrow with his sister.

2. He heard the woman say something to her son.

3. It was evident she didn’t want me to know the truth.

4. I want you to tell me everything about your troubles.

5. I know the song to have won the first prize at the Sochi Festival.

V. Прочитайте, письменно переведите весь текст на русский язык, подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функции. Запомните слова «Words list».