Incandescent light bulb or lamp

1. A lamp, in technical usage, is a replaceable component such as an incandescent light bulb, which is designed to produce light from electricity.

2. The incandescent light bulb is a source of artificial light that works by incandescence. An electrical current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation.

3. Incandescent bulbs are made in a wide range of sizes and voltages, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment and have a low manufacturing cost, and work well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result the incandescent bulb is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting, such as table lamps, some car headlamps and electric flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.

4. Some applications of the incandescent bulb make use of the heat generated, such as incubators (for hatching eggs), brooding boxes for young poultry and heat lights for reptile tanks.

5. Incandescent light bulbs are gradually being replaced in many applications by (compact) fluorescent lights, high-intensity discharge lamps, LEDs, and other devices, which give more visible light for the same amount of electrical energy input.

Задание 9. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is a lamp?

2. What sizes and voltages the bulbs can be?

3. What are the applications of the incandescent bulb?

Вариант 2

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложение.

1. I can understand what he means.

2. I must write to Ann, because I haven’t written to her for ages.

3. She may go to Italy in August.

Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его форму и функцию.

1. To do nothing is to waste time.

2. His task is to graduate from the University.

3. This is a chance not to be missed.

4. The satellite doesn’t need any additional energy to move in its orbit.

Задание 3. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните и определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. We consider him to be a great expert in this sphere.

2. This problem is sure to be solved in the nearest future.

3. Franklin is known to be one of the first scientist to prove that atmospheric electricity and static electricity are one and the same thing.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните причастия I и II; определите их формы и функции.

1. Not knowing the grammar rules, he made many mistakes.

2. Tower Bridge built in 1834 is of great interest.

3. The house situated near the river looks very nice.

Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, укажите тип причастного оборота.

1. Kerosene is the fuel used in jet accident.

2. I saw the car stop at the door house.

3. Having passed all exams, he went to a village.

Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчеркните герундий, определите его форму и функцию.

1. I am fond of playing the piano.

2. Everybody objects to the meeting being cancelled.

3. Read the theory before doing the exercise.

Задание 7. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен.

1. I knew he was experimenting for hours.

2. He told me that he knew English well.

3. In the interview with the student, the head of the department tried to find out what had made him choose this profession.

Задание 8. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.