LESSON 4

The Present Simple Tense (повторение). Наречия неопределенного времени и их место в предложении. Специальные вопросы, отн˝осящиеся к подлежащему или его определению. Предлоги места, движен˝ия и времени. Безличные предложения. Двойные союзы either…or, neither…nor, both…and.

Text 1

What We Eat and Drink

People in different countries have different ideas about what is good to eat. Most people in Europe and America cook meat from many different animals and birds. They also eat fish. Some people in India and Pakistan do not eat meat or fish at all. They are vegetarians. There are vegetarians in our country, too. More and more people in the world do not eat meat and meat products.

People in different countries may eat the same type of food but prepare it very differently. For example, Chinese soup is thin and clear, but German soup is thick and heavy. Many people like butter fresh and firm, but some people in India like it melted into oil before they eat it. Many people in the east like rice boiled, but some Americans like rice with milk as a sweet pudding.

Special to Americans are ice-cream and hamburgers. More and more people in Europe eat hamburgers, too. A hamburger is a sandwich with meat. Some people eat their hamburger plain, others like them with additional things such as onions, fresh tomatoes, lettuce, and sauces.

Coffee and tea are favourite hot drinks for people in Northern Europe and in the Middle East. Some people put cream and sugar in their coffee. In the USA many people drink their coffee black, without cream or sugar.

In China, Japan and other Oriental countries, where tea is the national drink, people almost never use sugar in their tea. But in England, where tea is also a national drink, many people use sugar. Many people in England also put milk into their tea.

In our country some people drink tea and coffee with sugar and others without.

Text 2

English Meals

The usual meals are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner or in simpler homes, breakfast, dinner, tea and supper. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than you have on the Continent, though some English people like a ‘continental’ breakfast of rolls and butter and coffee. But the usual English breakfast is porridge or corn flakes with milk or cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, marmalade (made from oranges) with buttered toasts, and tea or coffee. For a change you can have a boiled egg, cold ham or perhaps fish.

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	36
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

They generally have lunch about one o’clock. The businessman in London usually finds it impossible to come home for lunch, and so he goes to a cafe or a restaurant; but if you are at home you have cold meat (left over probably from yesterday’s dinner), potatoes, salad and pickles, with a pudding or fruit to follow. Sometimes you have a mutton chop, or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and cheese, and some people like a glass of light beer with lunch.

Afternoon tea you can hardly call a meal, but it is a sociable sort of thing, as friends often come in then for a chat while they have their cup of tea, cake or biscuit.

In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day. You begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, a sweet, fruit and nuts. Then you go into the sitting-room for coffee and cigarettes.

In a great many English homes they make the midday meal the chief one of the day, and in the evening they have much simpler supper.

ORAL PRACTICE Read the dialogue. Learn it by heart.

At the Canteen

Kate: I am hungry. Let’s have a bite somewhere. Nick: There is a nice canteen not far from here. Kate: Hurry up then.

Nick: (at the canteen) Is there anything to your taste on the menu? Kate: Oh, yes, I’m so hungry, that I want everything. So … salad, then

soup and what for the second course? Nick: I think chops and potatoes. Kate: All right. What about cheese?

Nick: No cheese for me. I prefer a cup of coffee.

Kate: I’d like some fruit, apples or oranges. And a glass of mineral water. Nick: Pass me the salt, please.

Kate: Here you are. You know, they cook well here. Nick: You are right.

***

Read the following dialogue and enact it.

V. – Victor, R. – Mr Robertson

R: Shall we have our dinner in this restaurant? They serve very good meals here; and prices are quite reasonable.

V: Well, you lead. You should know best, Mr Robertson.

(In the restaurant)

R: What shall we have? A complete meal, I suppose? I’m awfully hun-

gry.

V: So am I. And I’m thirsty, too.

R: Then let’s have a glass of mineral water first or some orange juice.

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	37
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

V: I’d prefer orange juice with ice.

R: Waiter! Iced orange juice and a glass of mineral water, please.

(to Victor) Now, let’s see the menu. And here is the wine list, too. How about something to drink?

V: I wouldn’t mind having some brandy.

R: So, it’s one brandy. And whisky and soda for me. Now for the hors d’oeuvres. What do you suggest?

V: A salad would do, I think.

R: And I think I’ll have shrimps. Now for the soup. V: Shall we have chicken soup?

R: I’d better take tomato soup. For the main courses, they have broiled salmon, fried perch fillet, lamb chops, and roast beef.

V: I won’t have any fish course. I’ll just try the roast beef. R: And I don’t want any meat. I’d rather order perch.

V: Please, ask them to bring some brown bread, too. R: Of course. Now what is there to be for dessert?

(Reads) Apples, pears, strawberry, ice-cream, rice pudding... What do you say to ice-cream?

V: Well, I don’t mind.

R: So, that’s settled: two ices.

(After dinner)

R: Well, how did you find the dinner? V: It was very good...

R: (calling the waiter) How much is our bill?

(Mr. Robertson and Victor pay the bill and leave the restaurant.)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Extend the statements using the words suggested. Model: There’s a vase on the table. (some dishes).

There are some dishes there as well.

1. There’s a kettle on the stove. (a saucepan) 2. There’s a photo on the desk. (some books) 3. There’s a coat in my suitcase. (a few other things) 4. There’s a woman in the hall. (some men) 5. There’s a taxi in the street. (some private cars) 6. There’s a refrigerator in the kitchen. (two cupboards) 7. There’s one big room in our flat. (two small rooms) 8. There are some cups on the table. (a few. plates) 9. There are some letters in the letter-box. (a magazine) 10. There’s a carton of milk in the basket. (a loaf of bread) 11. There are a few biscuits on the plate. (some cakes).

Exercise 2. Complete the following dialogues according to the model.

Model: A. I like to travel by car. B. I like it, too.

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	38
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

C. I also like it.

A.We bathed in the sea every day.

B.We ...........

C.They ..........

A.My mother always drinks tea in the morning.

B.I ................

C.My sister .............

A.I had a lot of guests on my birthday this year.

B.Oh, how strange, I............

C.My brother ..............

A.My father can drive a car.

B.And my father .....

C.My elder brother ....

Exercise 3. Ask your friend for additional information; use suggestions in brackets. Make all the necessary changes.

Model: Your friend: He knows nobody here. (Ann) You: What about Ann?

He: She doesn’t know anybody either.

1. My grandfather can see almost nothing without his glasses. (your grandmother) 2. My brother went nowhere this summer. (your sister) 3. I’ve got no spare time today. (your brother) 4. We found nobody at home. (she) 5. They’ve seen no one today. (Helen) 6. They’ll go nowhere on Sunday. (you) 7. We saw no flowers in the shop. (they) 8. They found no students at the language laboratory in the evening. (you).

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with “also”, “too”, or “either”.

Boris has made a mistake in the use of the word “also”. His friend Victor has made this mistake ... . Boris didn’t know how this word is used in the English language. And his friend didn’t know it ... . The teacher noticed that another student had ... made the same mistake.

“Don’t you know the rule ...?” she asked. “Then you must read about the different uses of these words.” And she gave the student a grammar book. Now he is reading it carefully because he wants to speak English well. His friend is ... studying the rule, because he wants to know English well, ... .

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with “neither ... nor”, “either ... or”. Model: 1. ... Roger ... David lives in Greece.

Neither Roger nor David lives in Greece. 2. You may have ... an apple ... an orange. You may have either an apple or an orange.

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	39
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

1. He had ... a pen ... a pencil, so he couldn’t write. 2. ... he ... you must go there immediately. Don’t keep them waiting. 3. There was ... a coffee-pot

... a tea-pot in the house. 4. I like ... the cinema ... television. I’m fond of reading. 5. ... come in ... go out. Don’t stand in the doorway. 6. ... my brother ... I am fond of skiing. 7. She never studied ... German ... French.

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with “both ... and”.

Model: ... Tom ... Harry speak French.

Both Tom and Harry speak French.

1. ... my sister ... I can swim. 2. ... Milan ... Turin are in Italy. 3. ... Roger ... David went to London yesterday. 4. He speaks ... English ...

Spanish. 5. We are ... tired ... hungry. 6. ... Ann ... Mary have blue eyes. 7. ... Edin-burgh ... Glasgow are in Scotland. So are Perth and Aberdeen.

Exercise 7. Ask special questions.

Model: My brother plays football. – Who plays football?

His sister studies English. – What does his sister study?

1. My brother works very well. 2. Her mother works at an office. 3. The teachers ask the pupil many questions. 4. They have two brothers. 5.1 have breakfast at 8 o’clock. 6.1 go to the cinema. 7.1 work in my garden. 8. He has a rest in the evening.

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English. Mind the word order.

1. Когда вы идете домой? 2. Кого вы больше любите? 3. Сколько у ва˝с английских книг? 4. Какие фильмы вы любите смотреть? 5. Кто учи˝т вас английскому? 6. Он очень умный человек, не правда ли? 7. Она очень похожа (to look like) на вас, не правда ли? 8. Он обычно посылает письма˝ или телеграммы? 9. Вы катаетесь на лыжах или на коньках? 10. Ваш˝ брат работает на заводе?

Exercise 9. Translate these sentences into Russian. Put them into the interrogative form.

1.It is cold. 2. It was winter. 3. It is hot. 4. It is late. 5. It is two o’clock.

6.It was snowing. 7. It is spring. 8. It is early morning. 9. It is not far from here.

10.It often snows in February. 11. It was a warm summer day. 12. It is clear.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Сейчас довольно (rather) поздно. 2. Неправильно (wrong). 3. Идет дождь (to rain). 4. Летом часто идет дождь. 5. Было холодное зимнее ут˝ро. 6. Жарко. 7. Лето. 8. Была весна. 9. Пять ча-сов. 10. Темно. 11. В зале холодно или нет? 12. Холодно, не так ли? 13. Сейчас пять или шесть˝ часов? 14. Шесть часов.

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	40
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

Exercise 11. Insert “in”, “at”, or “on”.

Model: Turn left … at … the traffic lights.

You’ll find the cups … on … the top shelf.

1.It can be dangerous when children play football …the street.

2.I’ll meet you … the corner (of the street) at 10 o’clock.

3.We got stuck in a traffic jam …the way to the airport.

4.There was an accident … the crossroads this morning.

5.Look at those beautiful horses … that field !

6.I can’t find Tom … this photograph. Is he … it ?

7.… the end of the street there is a path leading to the river.

8.I wouldn’t like an office job. I couldn’t spend the whole day sitting … a desk.

9.Do you take sugar …your coffee?

10.Ann’s brother lives … a small village … the south coast of England.

11.You’ll find the sports results … the back page of the

newspaper.

12.Sue and Dave got married … Manchester four years ago.

13.Paris is … the river Seine.

14.Mr. Boyle’s office is … the first floor.

Exercise 12. Read and translate the sentences. Mind the use of prepositions.

Where are the pens? They are on the table. Are the pencils in the box? Yes, they are. Are they on the floor? No, they aren’t. Where is the piece of chalk? Where is the duster? Where is the chair? It is near the table. Where is the yellow pencil? It is on the desk. Look at the green books. Where are they? They are near the brown book.

Look at the newspaper. Where is it? It is under the table. Where are the matches? They are in the box. Are they on the box? No, they aren’t. Put them on the box. Where are the desks? They are in the room. Where is the table? It is in the room. Put the newspapers on the desk. Where are they? Put the chair near the wall. Where is it? Put the pieces of paper under the book. Where are they? Are they under the book or on the book? Is the chair near the table or near the desk? Are the newspapers on the desk or under the table? Are the matches on the floor or in the box?

The chair and the table are in the room. Where are they? The piece of chalk and the duster are on the table. Where are they? What is in the box? A pencil is. What is in that box? Matches are. Take the pencils. Put them in the box. Take the books. Put them on the desk.

Exercise 13. Mix and match.

He usually gets up ... in the morning

I look through the newspaper ... for two weeks

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	41
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

They came home ...	at about 6o’clock
I like to have lunch ...	in the end of the term
The transport is over-crowded ... at the week-end
You may keep this book ...	next year
He is in his office ...	late at night
Nick comes home ...	last week
The students have their exams ... in the afternoon
I’m going to visit my friends ...	in two weeks
You must finish this work...	till 2 o’clock
I visited Jane ...	before I speak to Paul
You must give the answer …	from 9 till 12 o’clock
She must give the answer ...	between 5 and 7 o’clock in the evening
I can’t give you any answer...	at 7 o’clock
She likes to have a nap ...	after dinner

Exercise 14. Complete the sentences with “across” or “through”.

1. There was a bridge ... the river. 2. They were walking ... the forest. 3. He walked ... the river. 4. When we were moving ... the mist we couldn’t see anything. 5. She was moving ... the crowd. 6. While we were riding ... the forest it began to rain. 7. You must go ... the field and then ... the river. 8. The train was moving ... the plain.

Exercise 15. Complete the sentences with “among” or “between”.

1. I was sitting … my two sisters when he came in. 2. Mother divided the cake … her three children. 3. I can’t see any difference … these two maps. 4. They spent their holidays … the mountains. 5. They found the boy … the bushes in the garden. 6. She invited Jane … others. 7. These two brothers can never agree … themselves. 8. This family are always quarrelling … themselves. 9. Just … ourselves, I can’t stand that man. 10. The railway line runs … the road and the river. 11. The story is a dialogue … husband and wife. 12. There was a great quarrel … the two friends.

Exercise 16. Write these sentences again using the adverbs in brack-

ets.

1. Public transport isn’t reliable (always). 2. You’re not at home when I phone you (sometimes). 3. They don’t arrive on time (often). 4. I don’t complain (generally). 5. They don’t understand you (seldom). 6. You phone me in the morning (never). 7. He doesn’t get home till 10 (usually). 8. He speaks Italian (always).

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	42
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

ADDITIONAL READING

English Meals Today

Like in other West European countries the British diet has changed over the last twenty years. In general, people are responding to recent medical advice and are cutting down on fatty food, heavy puddings and stodgy cakes. Food such as pizza, pasta and baked potatoes are now commonly served in English homes in preference to heavy evening meals during the week. People are more prepared to experiment with different styles of cooking.

At breakfast time it is usual to expect cereal and toast or rolls with butter and jam instead of the traditional English breakfast. This is because of health considerations, the time needed for preparation and the cost.

The main family meal of the week tends to be on Sunday lunch at which, typically, a roast joint of meat will be served with several vegetables. You may also be served a pudding or apple pie with cream. This is an occasion for the family to get together to talk and relax in a comfortable, friendly atmosphere.

What Makes Life Worth Living ?

Every creature wants to live and a human being is no exception to that simple rule, regardless of the fact that people complain of life in general, they are afraid of death and they are happy to hear the doctor’s statements on prolonging human life. Life is very short, and therefore everyone should benefit from every moment.

Despite all the difficulties and problems, people find many reasons for living, for example, a man is staying in hospital suffering physical pain and loneliness, but he believes he will recover. Why? Because the fear of death and the desire to live give him much hope. People aspire after happiness which they find in love, marriage, family life, friendship, career, social work and religion.

Depending on age, sex, and social standing, people want to achieve something special in life, and this achievement makes their life worth living. The achievement is usually based on love, friendship, justice, freedom, truth and other moral values whose evaluation in terms of money or material benefits is impossible. There are men who look for happiness in doing business, developing a career, making money and getting power and authority. Òhey struggle for money and power throughout their life, only to find out very often in their old age, that these values are passing and worthless. But it is too late for them. They die with no friends and love of relatives and their business colleagues are too busy … doing business!

Women usually live for their families and children. They devote time, care, love and everything they have to their children. When the children grow up their mothers are waiting for their gratitude and a smile. Some of

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	43
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА

them get it which makes them happy, some of them do not. If they are healthy and strong enough, they find a job and become independent, earn money, feel helpful in society, and so avoid in their old age the risk of being a burden to their children.

Elderly people usually live in the past. They remember all those past events which let them experience the sense of happiness, the feeling of being loved and needed. They wish they could live long, peacefully and in good health.

But the young – in their teens – look for their own identity, and it is up to them what aims they will choose: money, career, power or love or other moral values. They have to decide what to choose in life so that in the end, they too, can behave like those old people taking the joy of every moment they are given by Providence.

НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ	44
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА И БИЗНЕСА