- •KAzan federal univeRsIty Essential English for Biology Students kazan
- •The Content
- •Init IV. Inheritance 67
- •Unit I. What is biology?
- •Text 1.1 The Characteristics Of Life
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could
- •IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •X. Food for thought:
- •XI. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •Text 1.2. What Do Biologists Do?
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
- •IV. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary.
- •IX. Food for thought.
- •X. Traslate into English using all the active possible
- •XI. Prepare a short presentation to answer the question:
- •XII. Write a letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of Biology you would like to specialize in and why. Use these notes to help you.
- •XIII. Prepare a short presentation to answer the question:
- •Unit II. Сell
- •Text 2.1 Cell Theory
- •A typical animal cell
- •A typical plant cell
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VI. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:
- •VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •Text 2.2. Introduction To Cell Division
- •Chromosomes form homologous pairs
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •Text 2.3. Microscopes
- •Magnification and resolution
- •The transmission electron microscope
- •The scanning electron microscope
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete centences:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Unit III. Molecular biology of the gene
- •Text 3.1. Dna Structure
- •In summary
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Fill in the missing words:
- •III. Use a monolingual English dictionary and give the definitions of the words below:
- •IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •V. Suggest Russian equivalents for the following word combinations
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •IX. Food for thought:
- •X.Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •Text 3.2 Chromosomes
- •V. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •VI. Read and translate the short text without a dictionary:
- •VII. Food for thought:
- •VIII. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •IX. Use a monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •X. Read the text and render it in English:
- •XI. Prepare a short presentation reflecting the following issues:
- •Init IV. Inheritance
- •Text 4.1. Variation
- •I.Quick check
- •II. Using a monolingual English dictionary define the following genetic terms:
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •V. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VI. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •VIII. Food for thought:
- •IX.Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •X. Meet essential targets reflecting the following issues:
- •Text 4.2. Down's Syndrome And Genetic Screening
- •Down's syndrome: trisomy 21
- •V. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •X. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •XI. Meet essential targets reflecting the following issues:
- •Unit V. Nervous and hormonal coordination
- •Text 5.1. Nerves And Hormones
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Using monolingual English dictionary write down what the words below mean:
- •V. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VIII. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations and make up sentences with them:
- •IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary
- •X. Food for thought.
- •XI. Prepare a short presentation on 2 or 3 glands reflecting the following issues:
- •Text 5.2. Setting up a nerve impulse
- •Investigating nerve impulses
- •Ion channels and action potentials
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Using monolingual English dictionary write down what the words below mean:
- •V. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •VI. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 6.2. Natural Selection
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 6.3. Artificial Selection
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 6.4. Human Evolution: Primate Ancestors
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •IV. Match these words with their definitions:
- •V. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VI. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:
- •VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Unit VII. Photosynthesis
- •Text 7.1. Photosynthesis: An Overview
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 7.2 Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 7.3. Photosynthesis In Different Climates
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Unit VIII. Structure and transport in plants
- •Text 8.1 The Leaf
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences.
- •IX. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary.
- •XI. Food for thought
- •XII. Translate into English using all the active possible.
- •Text 8.2. The Stem
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •X. Food for thought:
- •XI. Translate into English using all the active possible.
- •Supplementary reading Texts for Reading, Retelling and Discussing
- •Extract from a lecture about immunization
- •Quick check:
- •Griffith's experiment: transformation of pneumococci.
- •Quick check:
- •Quick check:
- •Quick check:
- •Suggested Answers and Solutions
- •Glossary of Biological Terms
- •Appendices
- •Book Presentation (Useful Language)
- •Phrases to Be Used in Discussion
- •References – Список использованной литературы
- •Web – Resources and Support Web links to some useful and helpful resources:
VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
1. What might lead to famine, pestilence and war?
2. What is called selection pressures?
3. What environmental factors do selection pressures include?
4. What organisms will have the best chance of surviving and producing their offspring?
5. Why does the difference in natality and mortality result in natural selection?
6. What is meant by “survival of the fittest”?
7. How is fitness defined in evolution?
8. What are three types of natural selection?
9. What is the difference between them?
IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:
|
1. |
Those organisms best suited to the environmental conditions, with characteristics that give them an advantage in the “struggle for existence”, |
A. |
although the populations of some species may be increasing at any one particular time. |
|
2. |
Environmental factors that keep populations in check |
B. |
results in natural selection. |
|
3. |
Darwin argued that this difference in natality and mortality |
C. |
from generation to generation in response to changes in the environment. |
|
4. |
In spite of reproducing quickly, no single species has completely over-run the planet, |
D. |
will have the best chance of surviving and producing offspring. |
|
5. |
The “fittest” individual in a population is the one that produces |
E. |
in an unchanging environment. |
|
6. |
Stabilising selection occurs |
F. |
are called selection pressures. |
|
7. |
Natural selection by “survival of the fittest” means that the genetic characteristics of a population gradually change |
G. |
the largest number of offspring that survive to reproduce themselves. |
|
8. |
Stabilising selection happens |
H. |
in the natural selection of birth mass in humans. |
X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
Fact of life:
You may think that natural selection results in change and diversification. This is not always the case. For example, natural selection helps to keep the average birth mass for human babies around 3.3 kg. Not surprisingly, extremely small or large babies have low rates of survival under natural conditions.
XI. Food for thought:
The extinction of animal and plants species is of great concern today because it is accelerated by direct and indirect results of human activities. However, extinction is a natural process that has occurred since the dawn of life. The 20-30 million species that inhabit the Earth today represent only a minute proportion of all species that have ever existed. Suggest why more than 99.9 per cent of all species that ever evolved have become extinct by natural processes. Explain why the highest rates of extinction in recent times have occurred among species that live only on small oceanic islands.