Винник_фонетика

UNIT 18

91

Paul: Don't pull the bicycle, Uncle Bill. I'll do it myself. Uncle Bill: Be sensible, Paul. This gentleman says it's a...

(Paul falls)

Paul: It was Uncle Bill's fault. He was holding the bicycle.

[2, pp. 60–62].

18.4. Weak and strong forms

These sentences sound very unnatural. Rewrite them in more natural English with contractions where appropriate. Underline like this ……… all auxiliaries and prepositions with weak vowel sounds. Underline like this ______ all those with strong vowels.

a.I do not want to see him, but I am sure you want to.

b.She is not going to learn from this experience, but he is.

c.I have heard that you are thinking of moving from London. Are you?

d.They have dinner at seven, do not they?

e.You will be able to get a ticket for me, will you not?

f.I have got no idea who this letter is from.

g.Can you not remember who Bill used to work for?

h.I have been waiting for you to come. Where were you?

i.We had been looking forward to coming for ages, then at the last minute we were not able to.

j.Will you not sit down for a couple of minutes?

[4, p. 56].

18.5. Vocabulary and pronunciation

Look at these words. Where is the stress when the word is used as a noun?

And where is the stress when the word is used as a verb?
a. export	c. decrease	e. progress	g. refund	i. permit	k. insult
b. import	d. increase	f. record	h. produce	j. transport	l. protest
Ask another student to practise the words. Give instructions like this.
	c as a noun!		d as a verb!

Fill the gaps with one of the words in its correct form. Then Listen and check your answers.

a.Scotland ______ a lot of its food from other countries. Its ______ include oil, beef, and whisky.

b.I'm very pleased with my English. I'm making a lot of ______.

c.Ministers are worried. There has been an ______ in the number of unemployed.

d.But the number of crimes has ______, so that's good news.

e.How dare you call me a liar and a cheat! What an ______!

f.There was a demonstration yesterday. People were ______ about blood sports.

92	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

g.People usually buy CDs these days. Not many people buy ______ any more.

h.Don't touch the video! I'm ______ a film.

i.Britain ______ about 75% of its own oil.

[5, p. 44].

UNIT 19 19.1.

The sound [ r ]

a constrictive, medial, forelingual, cacuminal, post-alveolar oral sonorant.

The tip of the tongue is held in a position near to but not touching the back of the alveolar ridge, the front part of the tongue is low and the back is rather high so that the tongue has a curved shape (cacuminal articulation). The position of the lips is determined by that of the following vowel. The soft palate is raised and the air flows quietly between the tip of the tongue, and the palate. The vocal cords vibrate.

[1, p. 61].

First practise saying the sounds [l] and [r], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[l]	long	light	load	jelly	fly	glass
[r]	wrong	right	road	Jerry	fry	grass

Practise pronouncing the sound [r]. Listen and repeat:

Ruth	Russia	parent	proud	interesting
Rita	very	America	France	secretary
Rosemary	Jerry	everywhere in	waitress	grown up
Mrs. Reed	Paris	Europe	countries	Greece
restaurant	married	pretty	Austria	drives

[2, p. 62].

19.2. Intonation. Giving advice politely.

Emma has got hiccups. Listen to the advice her friend gives her and fill in the missing words. You will hear the intonation pattern first in each case.

UNIT 19

93

Should is very often used to give advice and make suggestions in English. To sound polite your voice should go high on the first stressed word in the sentence and then down on the last stressed word:

You should ˡhold your `breath.

Remember, should is not usually stressed unless you want to give strong emphasis to the suggestion.

Practise the intonation. Remember that if your intonation is flat, you will sound impolite.

You should ˡhold your `breath.

You should ˡdrink a ˡglass of `water. You should ˡtake a little `lemon juice.

Listen to some people complaining and give them advice using the picture prompts, like this:

a.You listen: I‟ve got a terrible cold!

You speak: You should go to bed. You listen: You should go to bed.

[3, p. 42].

94	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

19.3. Dialogue

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound [r]. Listen and repeat:

railway	Mrs. Randal		library	electrician
really	Laura		librarian	children
Roland	lorry		cleverest	Australia
Dialogue			A Proud Parent
Mrs. Randal: Are all the children grown up now, Ruth?
Mrs. Reed:		Oh, yes. Laura is the cleverest one. She's a librarian in the

public library.

Mrs. Randal: Very interesting. And what about Rita? Mrs. Reed: She's a secretary at the railway station.

Mrs. Randal: And what about Rosemary? She was always a very pretty child. Mrs. Reed: Rosemary is a waitress in a restaurant in Paris. She's married

to an electrician.

Mrs. Randal: And what about Jerry and Roland?

Mrs. Reed: Jerry drives a lorry. He drives everywhere in Europe. Mrs. Randal: Really? Which countries does he drive to?

Mrs. Reed: France and Austria and Greece and Russia. Mrs. Randal: And does Roland drive a lorry too?

Mrs. Reed: Oh, no. Roland is a pilot.

Mrs. Randal: Really? Which countries does he fly to? Mrs. Reed: Australia and America.

[2, p. 63].

19.4. Vowel sounds

The chart shows the main English vowel sounds.

[ е ]	[ ɪ ]	[ i: ]	[ ]
[ ʊ ]	[ u: ]	[ æ ]	[ ɒ ]
[ ɔ: ]	[ ɜ: ]	[ ɑ: ]	[ ə ]

UNIT 20

95

Write the words in the right box.

sick	letter	good	cool	tree	suit	fan
early	horse	weather	log	camp	head	sausage
hug	party	letter	women	jeans	father	floor
woman busy		could	work	walk	canoe	search
heat	machine	mother	daughter	fun	garden	building
worry	odd	breakfast	pullover roof		want	machine
family	father	accent	banana	banana	worm

[4, p. 12].

19.5. Stressed and unstressed words.

Listen to these sentences from the story. Mark the stressed syllables.

On the 'fourteenth of 'January 'nineteen 'seventy-'eight, Mrs Brewin was work-

ing in her garden. Her cat, Henry, was playing around her. It climbed a tree in the garden and couldn't get down, so she called the Fire Brigade. While she was waiting for them to arrive, she offered him some fish to try to get him down.

Listen again and read along with the tape. Pay attention to stress and rhythm. Practise reading the passage to yourself, still paying attention to stress and rhythm.

Look at the rest of the story. Work out the stress and rhythm in the same way. Then practise reading it aloud.

The army finally arrived, put up their ladder and rescued the cat. Mrs. Brewin was delighted and invited them in for some tea. But as they were leaving, they ran over the cat and killed it.

[3, p. 15].

UNIT 20 20.1.

The sound [ еɪ ]

No.13, diphthong with a short, front, mid-open (narrow variation), unrounded nucleus and [ ɪ ] – glide.

The nucleus is the vowel [е]. For the glide the tongue moves upward in the direction of [ ɪ ] and the mouth gets closer. The lips are spread.

96	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

[1, p. 104].

First practise saying the sounds [е] and [еɪ], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[е]	pen	shed	tell	wet	test	pepper
[еɪ]	pain	shade	tail	wait	taste	paper

20.2. Intonation.

20.2.1. Showing surprise in Wh-questions. Complete the missing part in the dialogues below. Then listen and check your answers.

a.A: I've been learning to drive for seventeen years, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

b.A: They've got sixteen children, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

c.A: She washes her hair at least six times a week, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

d.A: She's 120 years old, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

e.A: He‟s 6´8´´ tall you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

f.A: The nearest house is 20 miles away, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

g.A: The outer walls of this house are three feet thick, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

h.A: I bought it in the sale for £10, you know.

B:How ____ did you say?

Notice the intonation pattern in these Wh-questions. Normally the intonation goes down at the end of Whquestions;

How long have you been learning to drive for?

But because the speaker here is using the question to show surprise the intonation goes up at the end of the question, like this:

How long did you ͵say?

UNIT 20

97

Listen to the dialogues again and repeat B‟s part paying attention to your intonation to show surprise. Notice that this type of intonation can be used with all kinds of Wh-questions, not just questions with How.

You will hear a student talking about his colleague, who is very eccentric. Listen and respond with surprise, using the question words below, like this:

a. Where? You listen: One of my colleagues lives in a caravan in the middle of the

country.
You speak: Where does he live?	You listen: Where does he live?
b. Who? c. How many? d. How far?	e. How?	f. What?	g. What?
h. What?
			[3, p. 62].
20.2.2. Surprise. Listen and repeat:
I'm afraid you've made a mistake, sir.	A mis͵take?
Listen and repeat:

The ͵eighth?	By ͵plane?
She's eighty-͵eight?
Practise in pairs.
Example:

A: It's the eighth of April.

1 It's the eighth of May.

3. Yes. She's eighty-eight.

To͵day? Going a͵way? To ͵Spain?

B:The ͵eighth?

2.Yes. It's Mrs Grey's birthday today.

4.Yes. And she's going away for a holiday.

5.That's right. And she's going by plane.

6.Well, it's a bit dangerous at her age, but she wants to go to Spain.

7.That's right. Why don't you go with her?

20.3. Dialogue

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound [еɪ]. Listen and repeat:

Hey!	May	railway	train	changes eighty-eight		April
say	they	made	timetable	late	station
Mr. Grey today afraid			ages	waiting	Baker Street
Dialogue			At the Railway Station
		(Mr. Grey is waiting at the railway station for a train)
Mr. Grey: Hey! This train's late! I've been waiting here for ages.
Porter:		Which train, sir?

98	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Mr. Grey: The 8.18 to Baker Street.

Porter: The 8.18? I'm afraid you've made a mistake, sir.

Mr. Grey: A mistake? My timetable says: Baker Street train 8.18. Porter: Oh no, sir. The Baker Street train leaves at 8.08.

Mr. Grey: At 8.08?

Porter: You see, sir, they changed the timetable at the end of April. It's the first of May today.

Mr. Grey: Changed it? May I see the new timetable? What does it say? Porter: It says: Baker Street train - 8.08.

Mr. Grey: Hm! So the train isn't late. I'm late.

[2, p. 20].

20.4. Sounds and spelling

In the following groups of words, three words rhyme. Underline the odd one out.

a. [ ]	done	phone	won	son	f. [aʊ] flower		power	tower	lower
b. [ʊ]	would	should	good	blood	g. [ɜ:]	worth	birth	north	earth
c. [u:] move		love	prove groove		h. [еɪ] hate		wait	weight height
d. [əʊ]	though through throw sew				i. [ɪə]	fear	near	pear	clear
e. [еɪ]	weak	break	ache	shake	j. [еə]	share	prayer	mayor	layer
								[4, p. 41].

20.5. Saying the names of geographical features

Look at the famous geographical features below – if there are some you don‟t recognize, find out what they are in your language. Try to guess how they are pronounced in English.

Then listen and count how many you guessed correctly. Practise saying the ones you guessed incorrectly.

the Amazon	the South Pole	the Pyrenees
the Panama Canal	the Equator	the Thames
the Pacific Ocean	the Antarctic	the Himalayas
the Nile	the Atlantic Ocean	the Rhine
the Tropics	the Highlands	the North Pole
the Danube	the Mediterranean	the Suez Canal
the Andes	the Sahara Desert	the Arctic Circle

Now listen and answer the questions on the tape like this. (All the answers are in the box above.)

a. You listen: Which is the highest mountain range in the world?

UNIT 21

99

You speak: The Himalayas.	You listen: The Himalayas.
	[3, p. 70].

UNIT 21 21.1.

The sound [ aɪ ]

No.15, diphthong with a front-retracted, open (broad variation), unrounded nucleus and [ ɪ ] – glide.

The sound starts from the advanced vowel [ ] with the mouth wide open and

the lips neutral. For the glide the tongue moves upwards in the direction of [ ɪ ], with the mouth very narrowly open and the lips spread and not rounded.

[1, p. 105].

First practise saying the sounds [ɑ:] and [aɪ], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[ɑ:]	bar	star	darn	lark	cart	heart
[aɪ]	buy	sty	dine	like	kite	height

21.2. Intonation. Disagreeing politely.

You will hear a couple talking about the sort of home that they are looking for. The woman has many ideas about the sort of house she wants. Sometimes the man agrees with her, but sometimes he is unsure, or disagrees. Listen to his intonation and write A if he agrees and U if he is unsure.

a.W: I think the most important thing is good public transport.

M:Mmm …

b.W: I really prefer old places to new, modern flats, they've got more atmos-

phere.

M:Mmm …

100	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

c.W: Mind you, we definitely need somewhere with central heating.

M:Yeah …

d.W: And I'd really like a nice big kitchen with fitted units.

M:Mmm …

e.W: If the decorations weren't very good I‟d be quite happy to repaint it, wouldn't you?

M:Yeah …

f.W: And I certainly don't want anyone else' curtains and carpets.

M:No …

g.W: I'd really like to live in a quiet street . . .

M:Mmm …

h.W: And it would be lovely if we could get a ground floor flat with a garden.

M:Mmm …

i.W: Or perhaps just a little patio would be better . . .

M:Mmm …

In all of the sentences the man seems to agree, but his intonation shows whether he really agrees or not. If he agrees, his intonation starts high and falls like this:

Mmm ...

If he is unsure or perhaps disagrees, his intonation starts high, falls and then goes up again.

Listen again and repeat the man‟s part. Pay attention to your intonation.

Jenny and Mark share their opinions about their ideal place to live. Listen and answer with Yes or Mmm . . ., but show by your intonation whether or not you really agree with them.

[3, p. 48].

21.3. Dialogue

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound [aɪ]. Listen and repeat:

I‟m	Miles	climbing	like	all right
Bye	Myra	ninety-nine	Mike	type
time	Violet	ice	Nigel	typist
mind	riding	nice	tonight	typewriter
Dialogue		Mike, Myra and Violet
		(Myra and Violet are typists in the library)
Myra: (smiling) Hello, Mike!

Mike: Hello, Myra. Hello, Violet! You're looking nice, Violet. (silence)