Винник_фонетика

UNIT 16

81

Use the words above as prompts and make up your own short dialogues in British shops.

[3, p. 50].

UNIT 16 16.1.

The sound [ m ] – an occlusive, nasal, bilabial sonant (sonorous consonant).

The lips are firmly kept together. The soft palate is lowered and the air goes through the nose. The vocal cords vibrate.

The sound [ n ] – an occlusive, nasal, forelingual, apical, alveolar sonant.

The tip of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nose. The vocal cords vibrate.

The sound [ ŋ ] – an occlusive, nasal, backlingual, velar sonant.

The back part of the tongue is pressed to the soft palate. The soft palate is lowered and the air goes through the nose. The vocal cords vibrate.

[1, pp. 55–57].

First practise saying the sounds [m] and [n], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[m]	me	mile	mine	Tim	comb	name
[n]	knee	Nile	nine	tin	cone	mane
	First practise saying the sounds [n] and [ŋ], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[n]	win	thin	ban	ran	run	Ron
[ŋ]	wing	thing	bang	rang	rung	wrong
	First practise saying the sounds [ŋk] and [ŋ], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[ŋk]	wink	sink	rink	stink	bank
[ŋ]	wing	sing	ring	sting	bang

82	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

16.2. Intonation

“Mm” has many meanings.

Practise these:

Mmm means “What did you say?”

Mm means “yes”

Mmmmm means “How nice!”

Now listen to this conversation and say which meaning “Mm” has in B‟s answers.

A:Would you like some home-made crumpets?

B:Mm?

A:Would you like some crumpets?

B:Mm.

A:Here you are.

B:(eating) Mm!

A:I'm glad you like them. I made them myself. Would you like to try them with marmalade?

B:Mm?

A:Marmalade. They're marvellous with marmalade. Would you like some?

B:Mm.

A:Here you are.

B:(eating) Mm!

Conversation. Talk about these pictures. Example:

Mrs.Pring	What‟s Mrs. Pring doing?
	She‟s looking out of the window.

UNIT 16

83

16.3. Dialogues

Read the dialogues, transcribe them, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in them. Then listen to the dialogues, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture them on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogues a lot of times and learn them by heart.

Practice saying some words from dialogue 1 illustrating the sound [m]. Lis-

ten and repeat:
Mm!	make	family	him	some	smart
me	maybe	crumpets	Tim	home	Mum
met	tomorrow	Cambridge	time	Smith	home-made
may	summer	remember	come	small	Tom Mitcham
Dialogue 1			Mum’s Crumpets
Jim:	Mum, may Tom Mitcham come home with me for tea tomorrow?
Mrs. Smith: Of course, Jim. Have I met Tom before?
Jim:	You met him in the summer. He's very small and smart.
Mrs. Smith: Oh, yes. I remember Tom. Does his family come from Cambridge?
Jim:	Yes. Oh, Mum! Will you make some home-made crumpets
	tomorrow?
Mrs. Smith: Mm ... maybe. If I have time.
Jim:	I told Tom about your crumpets, Mum. That's why he's coming
	for tea tomorrow!
Practice saying some words from dialogue 2 illustrating the sound [ŋ]. Lis-
ten and repeat:
pink	finger	Mr. Pring	standing	running		bringing
think	angrily	morning	happening	ringing		banging
drink	Mr. King	something	strong string		singing	hanging
Dialogue 2		Noisy Neighbours

Mr. Pring: (angrily). Bang! Bang! Bang! What are the Kings doing at seven o'clock on Sunday morning?

Mrs. Pring: Well, Mr. King is singing.

Mr. Pring: Yes, but what's the banging noise?

Mrs. Pring: (looking out of the window) He's standing on a ladder and banging Some nails into the wall with a hammer. Now he's hanging some strong string on the nails.

Mr. Pring: And what's Mrs. King doing?

Mrs. Pring: She's bringing something pink for Mr. King to drink. Now she's putting it under the ladder, and... Ohh!

Mr. Pring: What's happening? Mrs. Pring: The ladder's falling. Mr. Pring: What's Mr. King doing?

Mrs. Pring: He's hanging from the string. He's holding the string in his fingers and he's shouting to Mrs. King.

84 PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Mr. Pring: And is she helping him?

Mrs. Pring: No. She's running to our house. Now she's ringing our bell. Mr. Pring: I'm not going to answer it. I'm sleeping.

[2, pp. 56–60].

16.4. Ways of pronouncing –oo-

The letters -oo- are pronounced in different ways. Examples: soon = [ u: ] book = [ ʊ ] flood = [ ]

Say the following sentences to yourself and write all the -oo- words in the correct columns.

a.Have you read the 'Good Food Guide' to Britain?

b.The best cooks use a wooden spoon to stir the sauce

c.Look! There's a pool of blood on the carpet!

d.If I won the football pools, I'd be flooded with begging letters.

e.We foolishly booked a hotel room without an ensuite bathroom.

f.I took my woollen jumper in case the weather turned cool in the afternoon.

g.He stood on a stool and climbed onto the roof.

[ u: ]	[ ʊ ]	[ ]

[6, p. 52].

16.5. Saying abbreviations

Some abbreviations are pronounced as words:

Example: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) = [ еɪdz ] Others are spelt out letter by letter:

Example: BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) = [ bi: bi: si: ]

Listen to the following list of abbreviations and circle only the ones that can be pronounced as words. Then practise saying the abbreviations correctly.

AA Automobile Association

AD Anno Domini', the year of our Lord AM Ante Meridiem; before noon

BC Before Christ

CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament DIY Do it yourself

EEC European Economic Community IRA Irish Republican Army

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

UNIT 17

85

OAP Old age pensioner

OPEC Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries RAF Royal Air Force

UFO Unidentified Flying Object

USA United States of America

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VAT Value Added Tax

VIP Very Important Person

Read the sentences and decide which of the abbreviations above is used in them? Then listen and check your answers.

a. He used to be a pilot in the ____.

b. Scan O'Reilly, a former member of the _______ died in prison yesterday.

c.The Queen was given a ______ welcome by the Canadian Prime Minister this morning.

d.____ protesters tried to stop the Prime Minister opening a new nuclear missile base in Britain this afternoon.

e.The government will introduce higher _____ rates on cigarettes and alcohol from next year.

f._____ has put up the price of crude oil by 5% this month.

g.A Swiss doctor has discovered an effective, low-cost cure for ______ .

h.Make your own loft room, greenhouse or conservatory! ____ magazine tells you how.

i.Socrates died in 399 _______ .

j._____ministers will meet later today in Brussels to discuss the growing international problem of unemployment.

[3, p. 65].

UNIT 17 17.1.

The sound [ ɜ: ]

No.11, mixed, mid-open (narrow variation), unrounded, long.

The tongue is almost flat. The central part of the tongue is slightly higher than the front and the back of the tongue, which are raised between the half-close and half-open positions. No firm contact is made between the rims of the tongue and the upper teeth. The lips are neutrally spread, they do not cover the teeth. The passage between the teeth is rather narrow. The vowel is long.

86	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

The sound [ ə ]

No.12, mixed, mid-open (broad variation), unrounded, very short.

The quality of [ə] is that of a central vowel which varies from a half-open to a

half-close position. The lips are unrounded. The opening between the jaws is narrow. This vowel occurs in all unstressed positions in the word.

Recommendations. The sound occurs in unstressed positions and is practically a short variety of the sound [ɜ:]. The neutral sound is extremely short and weak. Never concentrate on it. Keep in mind the stressed vowel.

[1, p. 96].

First practise saying the sounds [ɔ:] and [ɜ:], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[ɔ:]	four	torn	Paul	warm	ward	walker
[ɜ:]	fur	turn	Pearl	worm	word	worker
	First practise saying the sounds [е] and [ɜ:], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[е]	ten	Ben	bed	head	west	kennel
[ɜ:]	turn	burn	bird	heard	worst	colonel
	First practise saying the sounds [ ] and [ɜ:], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[ ]	shut	huts	bun	bud	bug	gull
[ɜ:]	shirt	hurts	burn	bird	berg	girl
	Practise saying the sound [ə]. Keep the recommendations given above in
mind while practising saying it. Listen and repeat:
1. a photograph of Barbara				2. a glass of water
3. a pair of binoculars				4. a photograph of her mother and father
5. a book about South America

UNIT 17

87

17.2. Weak forms

Was she dreaming about? This is the sound [ə].

This is the weak form of “was” Listen and repeat:

Was she thinking about South America? Were her brothers and sisters asleep? Do they like reading?

Have you read about South America? Does your friend like reading?

Am I talking to myself? Are we working hard?

Has your friend been to South America? Can you swim?

17.3. Dialogues

Yes, she was.

This is the strong form of „was” This is a different sound.

Yes, she was.

Yes, they were.

Yes, they do.

Yes, I have.

Yes, he does.

Yes, I am.

Yes, we are.

Yes, he has.

Yes, I can.

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue illustrating the sound [ɜ:].

Listen and repeat:
er	world	Sherman	colonel	dirty	shirts
sir	Thursday	Turner	worst	Burton	nurse
early	Herbert	weren‟t	thirsty	skirts	Curse these nurses!
Dialogue		The Worst Nurse
Sir Herbert:		Nurse!
Colonel Burton: Nurse! I'm thirsty!
Sir Herbert:		Nurse! My head hurts!
Colonel Burton: NURSE!
Sir Herbert:		Curse these nurses!
Colonel Burton: Nurse Sherman always wears such dirty shirts.
Sir Herbert:		And such short skirts.
Colonel Burton: She never arrives at work early.
Sir Herbert:		She and... er... Nurse Turner weren't at work on Thursday,
		were they?
Colonel Burton: No, they weren't.
Sir Herbert:		Nurse Sherman is the worst nurse in the ward, isn't she?

Colonel Burton: No, she isn't. She's the worst nurse in the world!

88	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

17.4. Reading

Listen to the story, mark the stressed words and tones, then read the story aloud.

Barbara spent Saturday afternoon looking at a beautiful book about South America.

"I want to go to South America," she said to herself.

The next morning, when Barbara woke up it was six o'clock, and her brothers and sisters were still asleep. Barbara looked at them, and closed her eyes again.

Then she quietly got out of bed and started to pack her suitcase.

She took some comfortable clothes out of the cupboard. She packed a pair of binoculars and her sister's camera. She packed a photograph of herself and one of her mother and father.

"I mustn't forget to have some breakfast, she said to herself. But then she looked at the clock. It was a quarter to seven.

"I'll just drink a glass of water," she said. "A glass of water," she said.

"Water," she said, and opened her eyes.

She was still in her bed, and her brothers and sisters were laughing at her. "Tell us what you were dreaming about," they said to her.

But Barbara didn't answer. She was thinking about her wonderful journey to South America.

[2, pp. 15–19].

17.5. Vocabulary and pronunciation

These words have different meanings according to the stress. Check the

meaning and the pronunciation in your dictionary.
a. refuse	c. minute	e. content	g. invalid
b. present	d. desert	f. object	h. contract
Ask another student to practise the words. Give instructions like this.
	d as a noun!	f as a verb!
Answer the questions using the words with the correct stress. Then Listen
and check your answers.
a. What does a dustman do?		b. What's a UFO?
c. What's the Sahara?		d. What do you get lots of on your birthday?

e.What are pages 2 to 5 of this book?

f.Write another word for each of these:

happy	a written agreement	out-of-date (passport)
very small!	to complain or protest about something		to
say you won't do something
			[5, p. 44].

UNIT 18

89

UNIT 18 18.1.

The sound [ l ] – a constrictive, lateral, forelingual, apical, alveolar sonant.

The tip of the tongue is in firm contact with the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is raised and the air goes freely to the mouth. The sides of the tongue are lowered and the air can pass between them and the palate. The vocal cords are brought together and vibrate.

The phoneme [ l ] has two positional allophones. 1. When [ l ] occurs before

vowels or the sonorant [ ј ] it is „clear‟. That means that together with the tip of the tongue the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, e.g. leave, silly, value. 2. When pronounced before consonants and in final positions [ l ] is „dark‟.

In such cases the back part of the tongue is raised to the soft palate giving a dark colouring to the sound, e.g. all, tall, fall, help, salt, milk.

„clear‟

„dark‟

[1, p. 58].

First practise saying the sounds [n] and [l], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[n]	no	night	nine	Jenny	bin	ten
[l]	low	light	line	jelly	Bill	tell

18.2. Pictures and questions

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

90 PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Who's late for lunch?	Who's lovely?
What's Mr Lee looking at?	Who's early for lunch?
Is there a lot of lemonade left or only a little?	What's Mr Alien saying to Lily?
Is there any lettuce left?	Is Mr Alien looking marvellous?
Why is Mr Lee complaining?	What's Mr Alien having for
lunch?

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

What colour are the olives?

How many slices of melon does Mr Alien want?

Where are the black olives?	It’s only
Where's the lemonade?	eleven o’clock

18.3. Dialogues

Read the dialogues, transcribe them, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in them. Then listen to the dialogues, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture them on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogues a lot of times and learn them by heart.

Dialogue	Early for Lunch
Mr. Allen: Hello, Lily. You're looking lovely today.

Waitress: Hello, Mr Alien. You're early for lunch. It's only eleven o'clock. Mr. Allen: When I come later there's usually nothing left.

Waitress: What would you like? Mr. Allen: Leg of lamb, please.

Waitress: And would you like a plate of salad? It's lettuce with black olives Mr. Allen: Marvellous! I love olives.

Waitress: And would you like a glass of lemonade?

Mr. Allen: Yes please, Lily. And a slice of melon and some yellow jelly.

	Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound
[l]. Listen and repeat:
Bill	fall	small	holding	a spoilt child	uncle	beautiful	little
Paul	pull	help	difficult	always	bicycle	sensible	gentle-
man	tell	I‟ll	myself salesman fault		careful	special
Dialogue			A Spoilt Little Boy in a Bicycle Shop
Paul:		What a beautiful bicycle!
Uncle Bill: Paul! Be careful!
Salesman: Excuse me, sir. This child is too small to ride this bicycle.
		It's a very difficult bicycle to...
Uncle Bill: Be careful, Paul!
Paul:		You always tell me to be careful. Don't help me. I won't fall.
Salesman: But, sir. This is a very special bicycle. It's...