Винник_фонетика

UNIT 8

51

7.5. Saying punctuation marks

Match the punctuation marks with their names in the box.
a. .	c. ,	e. ?
			apostrophe	exclamation mark		full
b.	d. “ ”	f. !	stop	comma	inverted commas
			question mark

Listen to check your answers. Practise saying the words.

Listen to the tape. You will hear the instructions how to punctuate the following sentences. Follow the instructions. Add some capital letters yourself.

a.you pig mary jane said angrily

b.John my brother who lives in oxford loves fishing

c.he left his students english homework in a taxi

d.is your birthday in february april asked david

[3, p. 33].

UNIT 8 8.1.

The sound [ ]

No.10, mixed, mid-open (broad variation), unrounded, short monophthong.

The tongue is in the central part of the mouth. The front part of the tongue is raised to the back of the hard palate just above the fully open position. No contact is made between the tongue and the upper teeth. The tongue is lax. The jaws are considerably separated. The lips are neutrally open.

The sound [ɑ:]

No.5, back, open (broad variation), unrounded, long monophthong.

The mouth is open. The tongue is in the back part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is only slightly raised. No contact is made between the rims of the tongue and the upper teeth. The lips are neutral.

[1, pp. 95, 89].

52 PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

	First practise saying the sounds [æ] and [ ], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[æ]	cap	hat	sack	ban	bag	hag
[ ]	cup	hut	suck	bun	bug	hug
	First practise saying the sounds [æ] and [ɑ:], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[æ]	cap	hat	cat	ban	match	clack
[ɑ:]	carp	heart	cart	barn	march	clerk
	First practise saying the sounds [ ] and [ɑ:], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[ ]	cup	hut	cut	bun	much	cluck
[ɑ:]	carp	heart	cart	barn	march	clerk

8.2. Intonation. Exclamations.

It is very common to say exclamations with the High Fall, e.g.:

Mag`nificent.

What an ex ˡtraordinary piece of `luck.

The low falling tone is used for exclamations which refer to something not very exciting or unexpected, e.g.:

ˡThat's nice.	Wonderful.
Listen and repeat:
What a ˡfast `car!		What a ˡfunny `dancer!
What a ˡmarvelous `photograph!		What a fan ˡtastic gui`tar!

8.3. Dialogues

Read the dialogues, transcribe them, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in them. Then listen to the dialogues, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture them on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogues a lot of times and learn them by heart.

Practice saying some words from dialogue 1 illustrating the sound [ ]. Lis-

ten and repeat:
ugly	untrue	unhappy	understand	shut up	just once
must	much	lunch	Sunny	cousin	Russ
love	lovely	honey	worry	company	wonderful
Dialogue 1		I love you
Russ:	Honey, why are you so sad?
	(Janet says nothing)

UNIT 8

53

Russ: Honey, why are you so unhappy? I don't understand. Janet: You don't love me, Russ!

Russ: But, honey, I love you very much.

Janet: That's untrue. You love my cousin, Sunny. You think she's lovely and I'm ugly.

Russ: Janet, just once last month I took Sunny out for lunch. You mustn't worry. I like your company much better than Sunny's.

Janet: Oh, shut up, Russ.

Russ: But, honey, I think you're wonderful. You mustn't...

Janet: Oh, SHUT UP!

Practice saying some words from dialogue 2 illustrating the sound [ɑ:]. Lis-

ten and repeat:
Ah!	can‟t	bar	star	Margaret	Martin	laugh
Arnold	garden	far	guitar	Charles	Martha	photograph
So they are! Marvelous			car	Barbara	smart	dark
Dialogue 2		At a party
Margaret:		Where's your glass, Barbara?
Barbara:		It's on the bar.
Martin:		Barbara! Margaret! Come into the garden! Martha and Charles
		are dancing in the dark.
Margaret:		In the garden? What a laugh!
Barbara:		So they are! They're dancing on the grass!
Margaret:		They're dancing under the stars!
Martin:		And Arnold's playing his guitar.
Barbara:		Doesn't Martha look smart!
Margaret:		Look at Charles! What a marvellous dancer!
Barbara:		Ah! Let's take a photograph of Martha and Charles.
Martin:		We can't. It's too dark.
						[2, pp. 6–9].

8.4. The sounds [æ] and [ ]

Look at the verbs below, write in the Past Simple and Past Participle. Then

listen. There is the difference		in pronunciation between the Past Simple (spelt
with a) and the Past Participle (spelt with u). Can you hear it?
a. run	___________	_____________
b. sing	___________	_____________
c. ring	___________	_____________
d. swim	___________	_____________
e. begin	___________	_____________
f. drink	___________	_____________

54	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Listen to the verbs again and circle the one you hear – Past Simple or Past Participle.

Example:

ran

run

In a sentence you can also tell from the grammar if it is the Past Simple or the Past Participle. Choose the correct tense form in the sentences below.

a.Look! The children drank/have drunk everything.

b.Her boyfriend rang/has rung her eight times yesterday.

c.I‟m sorry you can‟t go into the theatre – the play already began/has already begun.

d.I just swam/have just swum a kilometer.

e.I don‟t feel very well – I drank/have drunk ten whiskies last night.

f.My legs hurt – I ran/have run ten miles yesterday.

The student is reading these sentences aloud. Listen to him and say whether the verb is pronounced correctly (C) or it is pronounced incorrectly (I). Practise saying the sentences correctly yourself.

8.5. Saying mathematical equations

Match the words with the signs and then complete the gaps in the sentences. Listen and check your answers. Listen and practise saying the equations.

1.	× a. add (and) …		a. If you ________ 2	______ 5, you get 7.
2.	-	b. multiply (by) …	b. If you _______ 3.5 _____ 2, you get 7.
3.	+ c. divide (by) …		c. If you ________ 6	______13, you get 7.
4.	† d. subtract (from) …		d. If you _______ 28 ______ 4, you get 7.

Listen to the instructions and follow them.
a. _________________	c. _________________	e. _________________
b. _________________	d. _________________	f. _________________
What number did you finish with?

[3, pp. 34, 50].

UNIT 9 9.1.

The sounds [ f ], [ v ] – constrictive fricative, labio-dental; [ f ] is a strong

and voiceless consonant, [ v ] is a weak and voiced consonant, in final position it

is partly devoiced.

The lower lip is very close to the edge of the upper teeth, thus forming an incomplete obstruction. When the air goes through the narrowing it causes slight

friction. For [f] the vocal cords do not vibrate, the air force is very strong. To be-

UNIT 9

55

gin the sound [v], you should bite your lower lip with your top teeth; you should

push out air between your lip and your teeth and use your voice to make the sound.

								voise
								[1, p. 43].
	First practise saying the sounds [p] and [f], then practise saying them in con-
trast. Listen and repeat:
[p]	pin	peel		pail		pine	snip	harp
[f]	fin	feel		fail		fine	sniff	half
	First practise saying the sounds [h] and [f], then practise saying them in con-
trast. Listen and repeat:
[h]	hat	heat		hill		heel	hall	hole
[f]	fat	feet		fill		feel	fall	foal
	First practise saying the sounds [f] and [v], then practise saying them in con-
trast. Listen and repeat:
[f]	feel	fine		fail		few	leaf	half
[v]	veal	vine		veil		view	leave	halve
	First practise saying the sounds [b] and [v], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[b]	bet	best		ban		bolts	boat	bowl
[v]	vet	vest		van		volt	vote	vole
								[2, pp. 46, 48].

9.2. Intonation. Conditional sentences.

Listen and repeat. Mind the marked tones of the intonation in conditionals: If Fred ͵laughs, he looks funny. If grandfather ͵flies, he gets frightened.

56	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Jumbled sentences. Example: If Fred ͵laughs, he looks funny.

If Fred laughs,	he isn‟t free.
If Phillippa laughs,	he gets frightened.
If grandfather flies,	she looks beautiful.
If you want to eat fish,	you‟re first.
If you telephone information,	it gets full of fat.
If you fry food,	they‟re helpful.
If a man has a wife,	he looks funny.
If you finish before the others,	you need a knife and fork.

9.3. Dialogues

Read the dialogues, transcribe them, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in them. Then listen to the dialogues, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture them on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogues a lot of times and learn them by heart.

Practice saying some words from dialogue 1 illustrating the sound [f]. Listen

and repeat:
fill in	for	friendly	telephone		Mr. Puffin		laugh	Phillip
finished	form	office	beautiful		difficult		photograph	Phillippa
feels fine	February		sofa		comfortable		if	myself
five	full front		profile	after			wife	soft
Dialogue 1			At the photographer’s
Phillip:		I want a photograph of myself and my -wife.
Photographer: Please fill in this form, sir. Would you prefer a full front
		photograph or a profile?
Phillip:		A full front, don't you think, Phillippa?
Phillippa:		Yes. A full front photograph.
Photographer: Please sit on this sofa. Is it comfortable, Mrs. Puffin?
Phillippa:		Yes. It feels fine.
Photographer: Mr Puffin, please give a friendly laugh.
Phillip:		That's difficult. If you say something funny 1 can laugh.
Photographer: And, Mrs Puffin, please look soft and beautiful.
Phillip:		(laughs)
Phillippa:		Is it finished?
Photographer:		Yes.
Phillip:		Will the photograph be ready for the first of February?
Photographer: Yes. Please phone my office after five days, Mr Puffin.
Practice saying some words from dialogue 2 illustrating the sound [v]. Lis-
ten and repeat:
Vera	valley	living		driving		have	lovely
very	van	November		lived		five	leaves
village	Victor	leaving		arrived		love

UNIT 9

57

Dialogue 2	A fine view
Vera:	Has your family lived here for very long?
Victor:	Five and a half years. We arrived on the first of February.
Vera:	What a fine view you have!
Victor:	Yes. 1 love living here.
Vera:	Look! You can see the village down in the valley.
Victor:	Yes. It's a lovely view.
	[2, pp. 47, 48].

9.4. The sounds [b] and [v]

Listen to the words and circle the one that you hear.
a. bet	vet	c. boat	vote	e. bats	vats
b. best	vest	d. bowels	vowels

Practise saying the following sentences, first very slowly, then try saying them very fast. Mind the sounds [b] and [v].

a.Vincent brought Brenda a marvellous souvenir vase he'd bought in Venice.

b.Bob Viney, the village baker's boy, loves Betty Vole, the barmaid at 'The Bull'.

c.Vera Bathory, the Viennese vampire, bathes every evening in buckets of blood.

d.A visiting burglar broke Victor Barton's marble bust of Voltaire into various bits.

e.Valentine Barlowe, the TV ventriloquist, lives in 'Belleview' - a vast brick villa built in 1812.

[3, p. 59].

9.5. Reading

This is a photograph of a fat farmer arriving at a village in the valley. He's driving a van. It's a fine day, but it's November, and the leaves have fallen from the vine in the front of the photograph.

Conversation: Ask somebody these questions about the photograph:

1.Who's driving the van?

2.How many leaves have fallen from the vine?

58	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

3.Where do the villagers live?

4.Is the van leaving or arriving?

5.Is it a vine or a fir tree in the front of the photograph?

6.Are there four or five fir trees near the village?

[2, p. 49].

UNIT10

10.1.

The sound [ w ] – constrictive, bilabial, velar sonant.

The lips are firmly rounded and protruded forming an incomplete obstruction. The soft palate is raised and the air goes to the mouth. The back part of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air goes along the central part of the tongue. The vocal cords vibrate.

Your lips should be hard and round like this:

[1, p. 60].

If you have problems with the sound [w] you can try starting with [u:] like this: uuu → where; uu → where; u → where.

First practise saying the sounds [v] and [w], then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:

[v]	V	veal	vest	vet	vine	veil
[w]	we	wheel	west	wet	wine	whale

10.2. Intonation

Listen to the questions and decide if the intonation goes up or down at the end. Explain why.

a.Do you like American films?

b.Where would you like to go this evening?

c.Would you like to see a play?

d.Would you like to watch the news?

e.What sort of books do you read?

f.Do you like cooking?

g.Do you play tennis?

UNIT 10

59

h.Would you like something to drink?

i.What would you like for dinner?

j.Which newspaper do you read?

[3, p. 10].

Listen and repeat:

Where was it quiet? In the woods.

Read the dialogue below and let somebody answer these questions about it:

a. What did they watch?	e. What did they eat for lunch?
b. What did they drink?	f. What time did they have lunch?
c. Where were the squirrels?	g. What did Victor and Wendy do on
d. Why did they walk quickly?	Wednesday?

10.3. Dialogue

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

	Practice saying some words from the dialogue illustrating the sound [w].
Listen and repeat:
when	Wendy	went	warm	wild	wore	sandwiches		sweet
well	what	was	wonderful	white wine railway			twelve	quickly
wet weather		watched	why	were	away		twenty	Gwen
which		walk	woods	where	everywhere		quiet squirrels
Dialogue		A walk in the woods
Gwen:		Did you see Victor on Wednesday, Wendy?
Wendy:		Yes. We went for a walk in the woods near the railway.
Gwen:		Wasn't it cold on Wednesday?
Wendy:		Yes. It was very cold and wet. We wore warm clothes and walked
		quickly to keep warm.
Gwen:		It's lovely and quiet in the woods.
Wendy: Yes. Further away from the railway it was very quiet, and there were
		wild squirrels everywhere. We counted twenty squirrels.
Gwen:		How wonderful! Twenty squirrels! And did you take lunch with you?
Wendy:		Yes. About twelve we had veal sandwiches and sweet white wine,
		and we watched the squirrels. It was a very nice walk.

[2, pp. 49–50].

60	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

10.4. The sounds [w] and [v]

Look at the Fact File about Willi Hoffman and find all the words that contain the sound [v] and all the words that contain the sound [w]. Write them in the columns.

	[v]	[w]

FACT FILE WILLI HOFFMAN

Politics

Conservative. He wants Germany's economy to be strong again, and he hopes that higher productivity will increase exports. He believes in nuclear power and thinks that nuclear weapons are necessary to keep world peace.

Work habits

He needs very little sleep, only four hours a night, and says he works at least twelve hours a day.

Entertainment

He likes going to the theatre and watching television, but he is often too busy.

Ambitions

He'd like to stay in politics for as long as possible, and one day he'd like to write his autobiography.

Listen and check your answer. Listen again and practise saying the words correctly.

[7, p. 7].

10.5. Nouns and verbs

In the group of words in the chart, the nouns end in a voiceless sound ([s],

[f], [θ]), and the verbs end in a voiced sound ([z], [v], [ð]). Complete the chart

with the words and the phonetics. Sometimes the vowel sound changes, and sometimes the spelling changes.

Noun	Verb	Noun	Verb	Noun	Verb
advice	_____	____	_____	____[ɪkskju:s]	_____
_____			_____		_____
	[ədvaɪz]	[bɪli:f]