- •Stylistic devices (sDs) and expressive means (eMs) in the English language
- •Isn't she cute? - She is very nice, isn't she.
- •Functional styles (fSs) of the English language
- •Different classifications of the fSs
- •Varieties of language.
- •The belles-lettres fs
- •The publicistic fs
- •The newspaper fs
- •The scientific fs
- •The official documents fs
- •Meaning as a stylistic category. Types of connotative meaning
- •Speak on lexical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •Epithet, oxymoron and metonymy
- •Antonomasia, periphrasis and hyperbole
- •Its frequent use is characteristic of the publicistic style.
- •Understatement, irony, zeugma and pun
- •In oral speech irony is made prominent by emphatic intonation, mimic and gesticulation. In writing the most typical signs are inverted commas or italics.
- •Stylistic potential of phraseological units. Allusion
- •Violation of phraseological units can be realized in the author’s intrusion into the unit. E.G. “… it took a desperate, ungovernable, frantic hold of him.” (the original variant is – to take hold of )
- •Very often violation of a phraseological unit takes place in proverbs and sayings, most of which are set phrases and fusions.
- •Speak on syntactical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •Inversion, detached constructions and elliptical constructions
- •Apokoinu, aposiopesis
- •In poetry it helps meet the requirements of the rhythm: I bring him news will raise his drooping spirits.
- •Anaphora, epiphora and framing
- •Anadiplosis, parallelism and chiasmus
- •Synonymic repetition, syntactical tautology and gradation (climax)
- •Is there not blood enough upon your penal code?” (Byron)
- •Antithesis, asyndeton and polysyndeton
- •I could see her applauding success. I could not so easily see her pitying and sympathizing with failure.
- •Rhetorical question and litotes
- •Speak on phonetic stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •If the statement is harsh or conveys the idea of vitality, if it is energetic or tragic the phonetic aspect is expected to be in line with the idea expressed.
- •Onomatopoeia and rhythm
- •Rhythm and meter, types of rhyme, accented verse
- •It follows that compound rhyme is perceived in reading aloud, eye - rhyme can only be perceived in the written verse.
It follows that compound rhyme is perceived in reading aloud, eye - rhyme can only be perceived in the written verse.
The arrangements of rhymes may assume different schemes: couplet rhyme, cross rhyme, frame rhyme. The functions of rhyme in poetry are very important: it signalizes the end of a line and marks the arrangement of lines into stanzas.
Rhymeless verse is called blank verse. It is often used by play writers (like Shakespeare).
According to the position of rhyming lines, adjacent rhymes, crossing rhymes and ring rhymes are distinguished. In descriptions rhymes are usually replaced by letters of Latin alphabet, every new rhyme is symbolized by a new letter: A, B, C, D, E, etc.
Adjacent rhyme: A-A-B-B
Crossing rhyme: A-B-A-B
Ring Rhyme: A-B-B-A
Accented verse. There is such a type of verse in which only the number of stresses in a line is taken into consideration. The number of syllables and the type of feet is irrelevant. Classical English verse like classical Russian verse in “syllabo-tonic” (one in which both syllables and stresses (or tones) are accounted for).
Accented verse is only tonic. Here is an example in which every line has 3 stresses and the feet varies from anapest to iambus:
Work! Work! Work!
While the cock is crowing aloof
And work-work-work
Till the stars shine though the roof (“The Song of the Shirt” by T. Hood)
Finally there are some poets who reject both metrical patterns and rhyme. When written or printed such poems resemble regular verse only because of the shortness of the lines. Galperin writes: “This type of poetry can hardly be called verse from a structural point of view.” It has become what is sometimes called poetic prose”.