8. The adverb

Adverbs are characterized by their combinability with verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, which they modify. They perform the functions of various adverbial modifiers: of time (yesterday), place (there), of manner (secretly), etc.

The suffix -ly is a typical marker of the adverb. However, many adverbs related to adjectives may not be necessarily used with the suffix -ly, e.g. fast, late, hard, high, clean, clear, close, loud, tight, firm, quick, right, sharp, slow, wide, etc.

Structural types of adverbs

non-derived, or simple (e.g. here, there, now, then, so, quick, why, how, where, when, very, rather)

derived (e.g. slowly, sideways, clockwise, homewards, away, ahead, apart, across).

compound adverbs, e.g.: sometimes, downstairs, etc.,

stable adverbial phrases or composite phrasal adverbs, e.g.: upside down, at least, a great deal of, from time to time, etc.

Adverbs

Similar to adjectives, adverbs can be gradable and non-gradable.

Gradable adverbs are adverbs which are capable of expressing the intensivity of the process, e.g. loudly - more loudly -the most loudly.

The number of non-gradables is much greater among adverbs than among adjectives.

The whole class of adverbs can be divided, first, into nominal and pronominal, then the nominal adverbs can be subdivided into qualitative and orientative, the former including genuine qualitative adverbs and degree adverbs, the latter divided into temporal and local adverbs, with further possible subdivisions of each group.

9.Close=near,closely=attentively,

Direct=by the shortest way,without stopping

Ly=closely,exactly

Free=without payment,

Ly=willingly.

Hard=with a lot of effort,

Ly=scarecely.

Last=after all others,

Ly=finally,

Near=close,ly=almost.

10. Syntactically, pronouns take the same functions as nouns do; morphologically, pronouns are used to avoid repetition, and to set/clarify nouns' categories of number, person, and gender. Pronouns can work as:

A. nouns

B. adjectives

C. numerals

D. adverbs

E. conjunctions

F. prepositions

There are eight categories of pronouns, because reflexive and emphatic pronouns are considered one single group--they have exactly the same form, and they differ only in position and phonetic accent. The categories of pronouns are:

1. Personal Pronouns

2. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns

3. Demonstrative Pronouns

4. Possessive Pronouns

5. Interrogative Pronouns

6. Relative Pronouns

7. Reciprocal Pronouns

8. Indefinite Pronouns

11. Cardinal numerals are used in counting and answer the question «How many?» She has three questions to ask. There are ten students in my class. All cardinal numerals may become substantivized and turn into nouns. The four played a game of cards. Two million citizens but millions of citizens We count: by tens, hundreds, thousands: also by the hundred, by the thousand. 2. Ordinal numerals denote order or position and answer the question «Which?» Most of them are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix -th (sixth, seventh, etc.), except first, second, and third). Ordinal numerals which modify nouns are usually preceded by the definite article: the first term, the fourth day. The indefinite article may also be used. In such cases the meaning will be «an additional one», «one more». A third possibility occurred to me. You are like a second family to me