12.Can Ability And Possibility

1.ability/inability

a)physical ability: I can swim.

b)mental ability: She can speak

English.

2.possibility arising under

Some circumstances:

I can get this dictionary

In the library

Can Request And Permission

Informal permission:

You can take this book.

I don’t need it

Request:

Can(could)you lend me 10$?

May Possibility,Request,

Permission

possibilities due to circumstances

may=can in affirmative sentences

we use may to ask for permission,

depending on the situation:

may I borrow your book?

Request:

May I take your camera,please?

Can-May In Comparison

We use can and may

to ask for permission

CAN is the commonest

and most informal

*can I take your pen?

MAY is more formal,

more respectful

May I borrow your book?

We use CAN and MAY

to give permission

MAY is formal and not

often used in speech

*you can wait in the

office if you like

13. Must Obligation,Prohibition,

Possibility

1.obligation

a)with no freedom of choice

*the book must be returned

After use

b)from the speacer’s point of view

*you must talk your doughter

About her future( I want you

To do it)

2)prohibiyion(negative form)

*the girl must’t go home alone.

Its very late.

Have To,Need

HAVE TO expresses obligation

Or necessity.Normaly we

Use HAVE TO when the authority comes

From the speaker.

*you have to drive on the left in GB

(that is the law)

NEED expresses:

1.necessity (in questions)

*need I show you my passport?

2.lack of necessity:

You needn’t show your passport

Be To.

1.obligation or necessity

imposed by some engagement

2.possibility.it is followed by the

passive Inf in most cases,

but not always

*The book is to be found on

the shelf.

3.weakened order

*you are to say nothing

4.smth which is destiny

to happen

*he was never to see his son

again

14. Should And Ought To

1.obligation,duty

*you should keep your promises.

*you ought to look after your children

2.advice,recomrndation

*you should be more careful.

*you ought to have a sleep

3.surprise

*why should he do it? 4.disapproval,criticism,reproach

*you should have done it.

5.probability,smth which is naturally

expected,based on expectation:

*you should come to the party

(we expect him to come)

15. Shall.

Mast be differed from auxiliary.It can express:

1.strict order or compulsion

*you shall do it.

2.offers,suggestions

*shall I go there?

3.threats,warnings

*do it.you shall see.

4.promises*you shall be happy

Will And Would

1)volition

*I will go to college(I want)

2)polite requests,offers,

Invitations:* will (would)

You pass me the salt?

*Will you have a cup of tea?

*Will you come to our party?

3)persistence,refusals:

*The car wouldn’t start

5)if WILL or WOULD

Are stressed,it suggests

Criticism

16. )Infinitive

Nom.characteristics:

1.as a subject.2.as an object

Verbal characteristics:

1.can take a direct object

2.can be modified by an adverb

*she promised to write letters regularly

3.has tense,aspect and voice distinctions

Without to:

after the auxiliary and modal verbs

after the verbs of sense perception:

to hear,to see,to feel,after to make and to haveafter had better,would rather,

would sooner,in questions beginning with why,after than in comparison

with to:ought to,have to,be to

after to hear,to see,to make,

to know in the Passive